第六节 常用生物医药学词汇（Vocabularies of bio-medical sciences）

forehead额头，temple太阳穴，hair头发，skull颅骨，头盖骨，bald head秃头，neck脖子，face脸，cheek脸颊，ear耳，ear drum耳膜，auditory canal耳道，eye眼，lid眼睑，eyebrow眉毛，eyelid睫毛，pupil瞳孔，iris虹膜，nose鼻子，nostril鼻孔，nasal cavity鼻腔，philtrum人中，mouth嘴，lip嘴唇，throat咽喉，tonsil扁桃腺，tooth牙齿，denture假齿，gum牙龈，crown齿冠，root/fang齿根，tongue舌头，`uvula小舌，tonsil扁桃体，vocal cord声带，chin下巴，jaw颚，mustache小胡子，beard山羊胡，whisker络腮胡，sidebums鬓角，wrinkle皱纹，mole痣，freckle 雀斑，dimple酒涡，pimple粉刺；

nipple乳头，chest胸部，navel肚脐，abdomen腹部，shoulder肩，back背，waist腰，hip臀部，buttock屁股，collarbone 锁骨，rib肋骨，backbone脊骨，脊柱，breastbone胸骨，joint关节，pelvis 骨盆，sinew肌腱，muscle肌肉，bone骨，skeleton骨骼，blood vessel血管，vein静脉，artery动脉，capillary毛细血管，nerve神经，spinal marrow脊髓；

armpit腋下，arm手臂，elbow手肘，wrist手腕，hand手，handback手背，hand palm手掌，finger手指，thumb大拇指，forefinger/index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger无名指，little finger小指，nail指甲，fist拳头，leg腿，thigh大腿，shank小腿，knee膝，knee joint膝关节，kneecap膝盖，calf腿肚，ankle脚踝，foot足，instep脚背，sole脚掌，heel后跟，toe脚趾；

respiratory tract呼吸道，GI tract/alimentary canal消化道，trachea/windpipe气管，thyroid gland甲状腺，lymph node淋巴结，esophagus/gullet食管，lung肺，heart心脏，diaphragm隔膜，stomach胃，liver肝脏，gallbladder胆囊，duodenum十二指肠，appendix阑尾，small intestine小肠，large intestine大肠，colon结肠，rectum直肠，anus肛门，bladder膀胱，pancreas胰腺，spleen脾，kidney肾，urine尿道，ovary卵巢，womb子宫；

CNS(central nervous system)中枢神经系统，PNS(peripheral nervous system) 外周神经系统，brain脑，cerebrum大脑，cerebellum小脑，brainstem脑干，motor nerve运动神经，sensory nerve感觉神经；

gland腺体，endocrine gland内分泌腺，pituitary gland脑垂体，hypothalamus下丘脑，adrenal gland肾上腺，sex gland性腺。

tissue组织，organ器官，evolution进化， homeostasis稳态， kingdom界，phylum门，class纲，order目，family科，genus属，species种，prokaryotes原核细胞，eukaryotes真核细胞，structure结构，function功能，ecological system生态系统，environment环境，anatomy解剖学，bioengineering生物工程，bioinformatics生物信息学，biomedical research生物医药研究，biophysics生物物理，biotechnology生物技术，botany植物学，developmental biology发育生物学，genetics遗传学，microbiology微生物学，neuroscience神经科学，pathology病理学，physiology生理学，psychology心理学，zoology动物学；

organelle细胞器，centrosome中心体，membrane膜，plasma membrane细胞膜，cell wall细胞壁，chloroplast叶绿体，cilium纤毛，cytoplasm细胞质，cytoskeleton细胞骨架，rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum粗面/光面内质网，endosomes内体，golgi apparatus高尔基体，lipid bilayer脂质双分子层，lysosome溶酶体，microvilli微绒毛，mitochondrion线粒体，nucleus细胞核，peroxisome过氧化物酶体，ribosome核糖体，vacuole液泡，vesicle囊泡，growth生长，development发育，divide分化，proliferation增殖，replication复制，regeneration复生，specialization分化，migration迁移，cell death死亡，necrosis坏死，apoptosis凋亡，mitosis有丝分裂，meiosis减数分裂，cell cycle细胞周期，active/passive transport主动/被动运输，autophagy自噬，adhesion附着，cell signaling pathway细胞信号通路，transcription转录，translation翻译；cell culture细胞培养，immunostaining免疫染色，DNA microarray DNA阵列芯片，mutation突变，inheritance遗传，knockdown敲低，knockout敲除，PCR，transfection转染，cell fractionation细胞器分离，flow cytometry流式细胞仪，immunoprecipitation免疫沉淀，protein extraction蛋白质分离，intracellular胞内，endocytosis吞噬作用，photosynthesis光合作用，respiration呼吸作用；

metabolism代谢，macromolecule生物大分子，nucleic acid核酸，protein蛋白，carbohydrate碳水化合物，lipid脂质，fatty acid脂肪酸，amino acid氨基酸，nutrition营养，chromatography色谱分析法，X-ray diffraction X射线衍射，Dual polarisation interferometry双偏振干涉法，NMR spectroscopy核磁共振，radioisotopic labeling同位素标记，electron microscopy电子显微镜，molecular dynamics simulations分子动态模拟，enzyme酶，enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）酶联免疫吸附测定， monosaccharide单糖，oligosaccharide寡糖，polysaccharide多糖，glucose葡萄糖，saccharose/sucrose蔗糖，fructose果糖，lactose乳糖，deoxyribose脱氧核糖，cellulose纤维素，glycogen糖原，sodium pyruvate丙酮酸钠，tricarboxylic acid cycle/Krebs cycle三羧酸循环，Adenosine TriPhosphate三磷酸腺苷，phospholipids磷脂，glycolipids糖脂，sphingolipids鞘磷脂，glycerol甘油，triglyceride甘油三脂，hydrophilic亲水的，hydrophobic疏水的，amphiphilic两亲的，cholesterol胆固醇，sterols固醇类，essential amino acid（isoleucine，leucine，lysine，methionine，phenylalanine，threonine，tryptophan，valine，arginine，histidine），nonessential amino acids（alanine，asparagine，aspartate，cysteine，glutamate，glutamine，glycine，proline，serine，tyrosine），primary structure一级结构，secondary structure二级结构，α-helix，β-sheet，tertiary structure三级结构，quaternary structure四级结构，deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA），reverse反向，complementary互补，purine嘌呤，pyrimidine嘧啶，adenine腺嘌呤，guanine鸟嘌呤，cytosine胞嘧啶，thymine胸腺嘧啶，uracil尿嘧啶，second messenger第二信使，glycolysis糖酵解，acetyl-CoA乙酰辅酶A，gluconeogenesis糖异生，phosphorylation磷酸化作用，kinase激酶，hormone激素；

molecular cloning分子克隆，polymerase聚合酶，plasmid质粒，antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性，promotor region启动子区域，transformation转化，electropho`resis电泳，Western blotting蛋白印迹，Southern blotting DNA印记，Northern blotting RNA印记，transgenic mice转基因小鼠，allele等位基因，agarose琼脂糖，polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺，buffer缓冲液，electrostatic force静电力，salt bridge盐键，Van der Waals force范德华力，subunit亚基，allosteric effect变构效应，covalent interaction共价作用，polar极性的，antigen抗原，antibody抗体，ligand配体，receptor受体，reversible可逆的，competitive竞争性的，regulation调节，asymmetry不对称；

pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences药学，pharmaceutical chemistry 药物化学，pharmacology药理学，pharmacodynamics药效学，pharmaceutics制剂学，pharmacognosy生药学，toxicology毒理学，drug action药物作用，etiological treatment对因治疗，symptomatic treatment对症治疗，adverse reaction不良反应，side effect副作用，toxic reaction毒性反应，allergy reaction变态反应，agonist激动剂，antagonist拮抗剂，inhibitor抑制剂，efficacy效能，placebo安慰剂，potency效价，first pass effect首过效应，bioavailability生物利用度，half-life time半衰期，steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度，physical dependence躯体依赖性，psychic dependence精神依赖性，tolerance耐受性，resistance耐药性，additive附加剂，desiccant干燥剂，drug excretion药物排泄，drug absorption药物吸收，drug interaction药物相互作用，drug elimination药物消除，drug accumulation药物蓄积，carcinogenic test致癌实验，teratogenic test致畸实验，sensitization test致敏实验；

average dose平均剂量，minimal/maximum dose最小/大有效量，daily dose日剂量，multiple dose多计量，divided dose分次剂量，overdose过量，fatal/lethal dose致死量，single dose单次剂量，indicated dose有效剂量，standard dose合适剂量，initial/beginning/starting dose首次剂量，suggested/recommended dose推荐剂量，maintenance dose维持量，therapeutic dose治疗剂量，usual/normal dose常用剂量，every…hours，intervals of…，once/twice a day，every other day，divided into…doses；

adolescents，infant，adult，male/female，newborns，children，debilitated patients（体弱患者），pregnant women，senile patient（老年患者）；

intra-arterially，oral/by mouth，intragluteally臀部注射，intramuscularly，intraperitoneally腹腔给药，intravenously静脉，intrapleurally胸腔，intraarticatar关节，intranasal鼻内，locally局部，subcutaneously皮下，sublingually舌下，submucously粘膜下，aerosol喷雾，per rectum直肠，by lumbar腰椎给药；

aerosol/spray/inhaler气雾剂，ampoule针剂/安瓿，capsules胶囊，oral solution口服液，coated tablets包衣片，pill丸剂，cream乳膏，powder粉剂，retard capsules缓释胶囊，dragee糖衣丸，drops滴剂，emulsion乳剂，suppository栓剂，granule颗粒，suspension混悬液，injection针剂，liniment搽剂，syrup糖浆，liquid液剂，ointment药膏，mixture合剂，adjuvant佐剂；

acidosis酸中毒，alkalosis碱中毒，alcoholism /alcoholic intoxication酒精中毒，anaphylaxis过敏反应，anemia贫血，arteriosclerosis动脉硬化，apoplexy中风，auricular fibrillation心房纤颤，asthma哮喘，bronchitis支气管炎，pneumonia肺炎，carcinoma癌，cardiac arrhythmia心率紊乱，cardiac failure心衰，cardiomyopathy心肌症，cirrhosis肝硬化，diabetes糖尿病，dysentery痢疾，enteritis肠炎，gastric ulcer胃溃疡，gastritis胃炎，gout痛风，hepatitis肝炎，hyperipemia高脂血症，hypertension高血压，hyperthyroidism甲亢，hypoglycemia低血糖，influenza流感，leukemia白血病，lymphoma淋巴瘤，malaria疟疾，malnutrition营养不良，measles麻疹，nephritis肾炎，pancreatitis胰腺炎，renal failure肾衰，rheumatic fever风湿病，rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎，scarlet fever猩红热，septicemia败血症，syphilis梅毒，tumor肿瘤，ulcerative colitis溃疡性结肠炎，upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage上消化道出血；

brain `abscess脑脓肿，cerebral embolism脑栓塞，cerebral infarction脑梗死，cerebral hemorrhage脑出血，concussion脑震荡，epilepsy癫痫，intracranial tumor颅内肿瘤，meningitis脑膜炎，migraine偏头疼，neurasthenia神经衰弱，neurosis神经官能症，Parkinson’s disease帕金森综合症，Alzheimer’s disease老年痴呆，psychosis精神病，schizophrenia精神分裂症，bipolar disorder躁郁症，attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力不集中ADHD，delusion/hallucination幻觉；

acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎，acute diffuse peritonitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎，anal fissure/fistula肛裂/篓，anesthesia麻醉，angioma血管瘤，appendicitis阑尾炎，burn烧伤，colon carcinoma，esophagus carcimnoma，hepatocellular carcinoma，cholecystitis胆囊炎，cholelithiasis胆结石，joint dislocation关节脱臼，fracture骨折，haemorrhoid痔，prostate hypertrophy前列腺肿大，intestinal obstruction肠梗阻，lipoma脂肪瘤，lithangiuria尿路结石，liver abscess肝脓肿，osseous tuberculosis骨结核，osteroporosis骨质疏松症，osteosarcoma骨肉瘤，prostatitis前列腺炎，rectal polyp直肠息肉，spleen rapture脾破裂，tetanus破伤风，trauma创伤，urinary infection泌尿感染；

acute necrotic enteritis急性坏死性结肠炎，ancylostomiasis钩虫病，ascariasis蛔虫病，newborn asphyxia新生儿窒息，atrial septal defect房间隔缺损，cephalhematoma头颅血肿，cerebral palsy脑瘫，convulsion惊厥，Down’s syndrome唐氏综合症，hemophilia血友病，infantile diarrhea婴儿腹泻，intussusception肠套叠，neonatal jaundice新生儿黄疸，poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎，premature infant早产，progressive muscular dystrophy进行性肌肉营养不良，rickets佝偻病，newborn sepsis新生儿败血症，thrush真菌性口炎，varicella水痘；

aborion流产，dystocia难产，eclampsia子痫，infertility不育症，irregular menstruation月经失调，pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎，pregnancy-hypertension syndrome妊娠高血压，postpartum hemorrhage产后出血；

amblyopia弱视，astigmatism散光，cataract白内障，color blindness色盲，glaucoma青光眼，hyperopia远视，myopia近视，heterotropia斜视，iritis虹膜炎，keratitis角膜炎，chalazion麦粒肿，tonsillitis扁桃体炎，tinnitus耳鸣，deafness耳聋，labyrinthitis内耳炎，otitis media中耳炎，pharyngitis咽炎，rhinitis鼻炎；

Bensylpenicillin / Penicillin G青霉素/青霉素G，Amoxicillin阿莫西林，Cefalexin/Cephalexin/Keflex先锋IV，Amikacin阿米卡星，Gentamycin庆大霉素，Streptomycin链霉素，Erythromycin红霉素，Roxithromycin罗红霉素，Acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素，Tetracycline四环素，Oxytetracycline土霉素，Chloramphenicol氯霉素，Sulfadiazine磺胺嘧啶，Trimethoprim加氧苄啶，Furazolidone呋喃唑酮，Norfloxacin诺氟沙星，Ofloxacin氧氟沙星，Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星，Metronidazole甲硝唑，Aciclovir阿昔洛韦，Moroxydine吗啉胍；

Chloroquine氯喹，Nitroquine硝喹，Quinine奎宁/金鸡纳霜，Artemisinin青蒿素，Pyrimethamine乙胺嘧啶；

iperazine哌嗪/祛蛔灵，Pyrantel噻嘧啶/抗虫灵，Albendazole阿苯达唑；

Aspirin/Acetylsalicyclic Acid阿司匹林/乙酰水杨酸，Paracetamol/Acetaminophen扑热息痛/对乙酰氨基酚，Ibuprofen布洛芬，Ketoprofen酮洛芬，Pethidine/Dolantin哌替啶/杜冷丁，Morphine吗啡；

Losartan氯沙坦，Valsartan缬沙坦，Nifedipine硝苯地平，verapamil维拉帕米，Nicardipine尼卡地平，Propranolol普萘洛尔，Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油，Lovastatin洛伐他丁，Colestipol降胆宁，Nicotinic acid烟酸，Eicosapentaenoic acid二十碳五烯酸EPA，docosahexaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸DHA，Linoleic acid亚油酸，

Codeine/Methylmorphine可待因/甲基吗啡，Pentoxyverine/Carbetapentane喷托维林/咳必清，Dioxopromethazine二氧丙嗪；Ephedrine麻黄碱，dextromethorphan右美沙芬，Bromhexine溴己新，Ambroxol氨溴索，

Domperidone/Motiliun吗丁啉，Compound bismuth aluminate胃必治，Cimetidine西咪替丁，Weisen-U胃仙U，Belladonna颠茄，Methylatropine Bromide溴甲阿托品/胃疡平，Metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺；

Alcohol乙醇，Sodium benzoate苯甲酸钠，Iodine碘，Hydrogen peroxide双氧水，Potassium Permanganate高锰酸钾；Procaine普鲁卡因，Lidocaine利多卡因，Isoflurane异氟烷，Nitrous oxide氧化亚氮，Ketamine氯胺酮，Sodium oxybate羟丁酸钠，Thiopental sodium硫喷妥钠，Propofol丙泊酚；

Fluocinolone acetonide肤轻松，Clotrimazole克霉唑，Miconazole达克宁；

Diphtheria antitoxin白喉抗毒素，Tetanus antitoxin破伤风抗毒素，Rabies antiserum抗狂犬病血清；

Hydrogen氢，Helium氦，Lithium锂，Beryllium铍，Boron硼，Carbon碳，Nitrogen氮，Oxygen氧，Fluorine氟，Neon氖，Sodium钠，Magnesium镁，Aluminium铝，Silicon硅，Phosphorus磷，Sulfur硫，Chlorine氯，Argon氩，Potassium钾，Calcium钙，Iron铁，Nickel镍，Copper铜，Zinc锌，Bromine溴，Silver银，Tin锡，Iodine碘，Platinum铂，Gold金，Mercury汞，Lead铅，Periodic table元素周期表

Hydrogen chloride氯化氢，Carbon monoxide/dioxide一/二氧化碳，Acid酸，Alkali碱，Salt盐，Oxide氧化物，Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠，Sulfuric acid硫酸，Nitric acid硝酸，Phosphoric acid磷酸，Carbonic acid碳酸，Sodium chloride氯化钠，Perchloric acid高氯酸，Chloric acid氯酸，Chlorous acid亚氯酸，hypochlorous acid次氯酸，Sodium carbonate碳酸钠，Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠，Potassium sulfate硫酸钾，Calcium nitrate硝酸钾，water水，hydrogen peroxide双氧水，

iso-异，neo-新，cis-顺，trans-反，pri-伯，sec-仲，tert-叔，ortho-邻，meta-间，para-对，-ane…烷，-ene…烯，-yne/ine…炔，methane甲烷，ethene乙烯，butene丁烯，butadiene丁二烯，butatriene丁三烯，ethyne乙炔，butyne丁炔，hexadiyne己二炔，cyclohexane环己烷，methyl甲基，ethyl乙基，propyl丙基，3-methyl-1-butene3-甲基-1-丁烯，benzene苯，1,3,5-trimethylbenzene1,3,5-三甲苯，chlorobenzene氯苯，nitrobenzene硝基苯，phenol苯酚，aniline苯胺，methanol甲醇，ethanol乙醇，glycerin/propanetriol甘油/丙三醇，1,4-benzenediol 1,4-苯二酚，diethyl ether乙醚，ethyl methyl ether甲乙醚，1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷，methanal甲醛，ethanal乙醛，propanone/dimethyl ketone丙酮/二甲基酮，cyclohenanone环己酮，acetic acid醋酸，benzoic acid苯甲酸，formic acid甲酸，dodecanoic acid十二酸，octadecanoic acid十八酸，oxalic acid草酸，methyl ethanoate/acetate乙酸甲酯，ethyle propanoate丙酸甲酯，butyl benzoate苯甲酸丁酯，ethylamine乙胺，dimethylamine二甲胺，methylpentanenitrile甲基戊腈

methane甲烷，ethane乙烷，propane丙烷，butane丁烷，pentane戊烷，hexane己烷，heptane庚烷，octane辛烷，nonane九烷，decane十烷，undecane十一烷，dodecane十二烷，tridecane十三烷，tetradecane十四烷，pentadecane十五烷，hexadecane十六烷，heptadecane十七烷，octadecane十八烷，nonadecane十九烷，icosane二十烷，heneicosane二十一烷，docosane二十二烷，tricosane二十三烷，tetracosane二十四烷，pentacosane二十五烷，hexacosane二十六烷，heptacosane二十七烷，octacosane二十八烷，nanocosane二十九烷，triacontane三十烷，tetracontane四十烷，pentacontane五十烷，hexacontane六十烷，heptacontane七十烷，octacontane八十烷，nonacontane九十烷

carboxy羧基，sulfo-磺酸基，R-oxycarbonyl烃氧羰基，halo carbonyl卤甲酰基，carbamoyl氨甲酰基，cyano-氰基，formyl甲酰基，hydroxy-羟基，amino-氨基，R-oxy羟氧基，halo-卤代，fluoro-氟代，chloro-氯代，bromo-溴代，iodo-碘带，nitro-硝基，nitroso-亚硝基，-carboxylic acid/-oic acid酸，-sulfonic acid磺酸，R-oate/R-carboxylate酯，-oyl halide酰卤，-amide酰胺，-nitrile腈，-al醛，-one酮，-ol醇酚，-amine胺，-ether醚。

write-right high-Hai knight-night I-eye sea-see meet-meat two-too know-no son-sun all together——altogether

heal——heel

band——banned hour——our

bare——bear heroin——eroine

brake——break past——passed

bread——bred peace——piece

ceiling——sealing rose——rows

cent——sent sail——sale

cell——sell sauce——source

cheek——cheque steal——steel

compliment——complement story——storey

dying——dyeing site——sight

fare——fair threw——though

find——fair tire—— yre

fles——flr vain——vein

floor——flaw way——weigh

flower——flour wait——weight

fourth——forth wood——would

all together—altogether； heal—heel；band—banned；hour—our；bare—bear；heroin—eroine；brake—break ；past—passed；bread—bred；peace—piece；ceiling—sealing；rose——rows；

cent—sent；sail—sale；cell—sell；sauce—source；cheek—cheque；steal—steel；compliment—complement；story—storey；dying—dyeing；site—sight；

fare—fair；threw—though；find—fair；tire—yre；fles—flr；vain—vein；floor—flaw；way—weigh；flower—flour；wait—weight；fourth—forth；wood—would；hair—hare。近音词：appeal—a pill；odd—awed；avoid—award；pass—path；border—board；presence—presents；bald—bored；pull—pool；council—cancel；poor—pour；cut—cart；stock—stalk；foam—form；sleep—steep；full—fool；sympathetic—systematic；hut—heart； loose—lose。

wail痛哭/whale鲸

assent同意/ascent上升

bear熊/bare裸露

capital首都/capitol国会大厦

die死亡/dye染色

ewe母羊/you你/yew紫杉

favor打扰/phase阶段

fate命运/fete义卖会

gaol监狱/goal球门

gate大门/gait步态

hall大厅/haul拖

heal治愈/heel脚后跟

key钥匙/quay码头

lane胡同/lain躺

leant倚/lent借出

lessen减少;减轻/lesson功课

minor较小的/miner矿工

need需要/knead揉;捏

no不/know知道;认识

oar桨/or或者/ore矿石/awe敬畏

pearl珍珠/purl反针

pistol手枪/pistil雌蕊

principal主要的;校长/principle原则

rap轻叩/wrap包裹

raw生的/roar吼叫

all together——altogether heal——heel

band——banned hour——our

bare——bear heroin——eroine

brake——break past——passed

bread——bred peace——piece

ceiling——sealing rose——rows

cent——sent sail——sale

cell——sell sauce——source

cheek——cheque steal——steel

compliment——complement story——storey

dying——dyeing site——sight

fare——fair threw——though

find——fair tire—— yre

fles——flr vain——vein

floor——flaw way——weigh

flower——flour wait——weight

fourth——forth wood——would

hair——hare