| C |
| 试题分析：A 不客气，没关系；B不，这是我的错。 C 你没有伤害我。D是的，不要担心。对不起，我踩了你的脚。结合语境可知选C为最佳答案。 点评：交际用语的考查也是英语考试的重点，做此类题型首先要理解各个选项的含义，然后结合具体语境选择合适答语。平时注意积累各种习惯用语，熟记英美文化，尤其注意不能以中文方式思考英语问题，注意中西文化的差别。平时应加强英语阅读，多了解一些英语文化方面的东西。 |
图书管理系统详细设计方案
方案完成时间：2004年12月16日
可行性分析报告
我们小组的信息系统开发课程设计题目是：图书管理系统开发。系统开发的总的设计目标是实现图书管理的系统化、规范化和自动化，实现对图书资料的集中统一的管理。
本系统主要实现对图书馆信息的管理，主要功能为管理有关读者，书籍，借阅和管理者的信息等。本系统结构分为读者信息管理模块，书籍信息管理模块，借阅信息管理模块，管理者信息管理模块。读者信息管理部分有两方面的功能，可以浏览读者的信息，可以对读者信息进行维护。书籍信息管理可以浏览书籍的信息，可以对书籍信息进行维护。借阅信息管理可以显示当前数据库中书籍借阅情况，可以对借阅信息进行维护。管理者信息管理可以显示数据库中管理者的情况，可以对管理者信息进行维护。可见，本系统并不复杂，主要解决的问题是利用关键字对数据库进行查询。
背景
近年来，随着图书馆规模的不断扩大，图书数量也相应的增加，有关图书的各种信息量也成倍增加，面对着庞大的信息量，传统的人工方式管理会导致图书馆管理上的混乱，人力与物力过多浪费，图书馆管理费用的增加，从而使图书馆的负担过重，影响整个图书馆的运作和控制管理，因此，必须制定一套合理、有效，规范和实用的图书管理系统，对图书资料进行集中统一的管理。
另一方面，IT产业和Internet获得了飞速发展，计算机应用已渗透到了各个领域，引起信息管理的革命，实现了信息的自动化处理，提高了处理的及时性和正确性。
图书管理工作面对大量的可模块化处理的信息，是当今信息革命的一个重要阵地。我们小组开发图书管理信息系统就是采用现代化的信息管理方式代替手工管理方式，提高图书管理工作效率，作到信息的规范管理，科学统计和快速查询，让图书馆更好的为学校，社会服务。
从以前的手工管理的记录中我们可以发现这样的问题：
1检索速度慢、效率低
因为图书馆的藏书种类多、数量多，将藏书准确地分门别类，快速检索，手工进行非常困难往往是终于查到了书的信息，馆中没有此书或已被别人借走。图书馆的规模越大，这个问题越突出。
2借书、还书工作量大
借书、还书频率越大,说明图书馆的作用越大，然而随之而来的大量的借书、 还书登记、实存图书的更新以及借出图书超期、遗失等的处理，其工作量之大，往 往是人工操作所难以胜任的。而且经常会出现这样那样的差错。
3图书统计工作难、藏书更新不能及时完成。
图书馆的图书应根据科学技术的发展和教学工作的需要及时添加和更新，然而由于藏书数量及图书种类越来越多，加上自然损耗，人为破坏，使图书的统计工作难以及时完成，藏书的更新也就很难有针对性地进行，藏书的知识结构得不到良好地控制。
系统开发的重点与难点
系统出现了一些技术难点大致如下：
1、建立合理的表结构，避免数据冗余
各表通过特定字段实现不同表的数据连接，避免数据冗余，需要设计简洁高效的表结构。
2、建立相当的系统安全性
登录用户身份的验证机制的设计、操作页面的权限保护。
3、建立严密的数据表操作机制
同一表有可能在多个模块中被修改，所以严密的数据表操作机制的建立十分比较困难的，但也是必须的。除了设计时必须有相当程度的考虑，在编制时更应加强程序逻辑的可靠性和程序调试的全面性。
可行性分析
1技术可行性
此次信息系统开发是大学专业知识的一次综合应用与提高，我们小组可以在主教5楼机房完成系统开发。该机房计算机配置肯定能满足系统开发的要求。我们小组可以选定两三台计算机，建立系统开发环境，主要是安装数据库工具（MS SQL SERVER 2000），应用程序开发工具（ VISUL BASIC 60或DELPHI），Office程序组以及网络传输工具。
我们小组的部分成员有计算机，配置是Pentium4 15G，256M以上内存，80G以上硬盘，可连网。小组成员之间可以通过QQ或电话进行即时交流，协调开发工作，解决开发工作中出现的问题。
就技术力量来说，我们小组可以完成此次开发工作。开发过程中会出现许多问题，有我们预想之中的，也有一些没有我们预想到，但，我们有信心克服一切困难。该学期，我们小组各成员已经学习了SQL SERVER，对网络技术和操作系统也有系统的了解，有些成员熟悉计算机原理，能解决常见的硬件故障和硬件选择。目前，图书管理信息系统已得到了大量应用，有许多可供参考的成功系统。而且，网上有许多关于VISUL BASIC编程的资料和SQL SERVER方面的资料。 从技术角度考虑，此信息系统开发可行。
2经济可行性
目标系统开发需求比较低，加上具有成熟的软硬件环境，所以在软硬件的支出上十分有限。而且，目标系统并不是十分的复杂，开发的周期较短，人员经济支出有限。当系统开发完实际运行后，将很大程度上提高计算机的功能，在为使用者带来便利的同时，也为系统的进一步推广创造了条件。这带来的经济回报将远超过支出，并且最重要的一点是该软件的开发可以给我们对系统的开发有个全面的认识。从经济角度考虑，此信息系统开发可行。
3 法律上可行
整个系统由于是自行开发，自行使用，所以系统本身不存在法律上的版权争议。在服务器软件方面，应该使用正版软件，因为整个系统尽管是开发给内部使用，但它毕竟很多部分还是要依靠Internet的，一旦服务器连接到Internet上，它的操作系统可能会被Microsoft跟踪，如果不是正版软件，将不得不面临民事诉讼的风险。
结论：
根据以上的可行性研究，我们小组认为开发此系统的条件已经具备，可以开始进行开发。
系统调查
图书馆概况
图书管理系统是图书馆管理工作中不可缺少的部分,它的内容对于图书馆的管理者和使用者来说都至关重要,所以图书管理系统应该能够为管理者或读者提供充足的信息和快捷的数据处理手段。但一直以来人们使用传统人工的方式进行图书管理和借阅管理，这种管理方式存在着许多缺点,如:效率低、易忘记、保密性差,另外时间一长,将产生大量的文件和数据,这对于查找、更新和维护都带来了不少的困难。随着科学技术的不断提高,计算机科学日渐成熟,其强大的功能已为人们深刻认识,它已进入人类社会的各个领域并发挥着越来越重要的作用。作为计算机应用的一部分,使用计算机对图书信息进行管理,具有着手工管理所无法比拟的优点例如:检索迅速、查找方便、易修改、可靠性高、存储量大、数据处理快捷、保密性好、寿命长、成本低、便于打印等。这些优点能够极大地提高图书管理的效率,也是图书馆的科学化、正规化管理,与世界接轨的重要条件。因此，开发这样一套管理软件成为很有必要的事情。
系统功能结构图
需求分析
系统目标
图书管理信息系统是典型的信息管理系统(MIS),其开发主要包括后台数据库的建立和维护以及前端应用程序的开发两个方面。对于前者要求建立起数据一致性和完整性强数据安全性好的库。而对于后者则要求应用程序功能完备,易使用等特点。
系统开发的总体任务是实现各种信息的系统化，规范化和自动化。
需求定义
作为学生对图书管理系统的要求有：
1 能按各种方式（比如书名、编号、作者）查询图书馆的藏书情况。
2 能够方便地借阅图书、续借图书、归还图书。
3 能够查询自己的基本资料、借阅图书情况。
4 能够熟悉图书管理系统的使用。
作为图书管理员，他们对图书管理系统的要求有：
1 能方便的对图书进行录入登记，注销陈旧的书籍。
2 能够方便地对新生进行登记，或注销已经毕业的学生信息（基本信息，借阅信息）。
3 能够随时发布一些诸如各学院学生借阅图书超期情况、馆内藏书情况、借情况等信息，以便各学院能够随时获知本院学生的一些借书信息。
功能说明
系统功能分析是在系统开发的总体任务的基础上完成。本系统需要完成的功能主要有5部分：
A图书基本情况的录入，修改，删除等基本操作。
1．书籍类别标准的制定，类别信息的输入，包括类别编号，类别名称，关键词，备注信息等。
2．书籍类别信息的查询，修改，包括类别编号，类别名称，关键词，备注信息等。
3．书籍信息的输入，包括书籍编号，书籍名称，书籍类别，作者名称，出版社名称，出版日期，书籍页数，关键词，登记日期，备注信息等。
B办理借书卡模块。
1．新生办理借书证。
2．丢失办理借书证。
C实现借书功能。
1．借书信息的输入，包括借书信息编号，读书编号，读者姓名，书籍编号，书籍名称，借书日期，备注信息等。
2．借书信息的查询，修改，包括借书信息编号，读者编号，读者姓名，书籍编号，书籍名称，借书日期，备注信息等。
D实现还书功能。
1．还书信息的输入，包括还书信息编号，读者编号，读者姓名，书籍编号，书籍名称，借书日期，还书日期，备注信息等。
2．还书信息的查询和修改，包括还书信息编号，读书编号，读者姓名，书籍编号，书籍名称，借书日期，还书日期，备注信息等。
E能方便的对图书进行查询。对超期的情况能自动给出提示信息。
性能要求
正确性，可靠性，效率，完整性，易使用性，可维护性，可测试行，复用性，安全保密性，可理解性，可移植性，互联性。
业务流程图（如下：）
数据库设计
1． 数据库需求分析
用户的需求具体体现在各种信息的提供，保存，更新和查询，这就要求数据库结构能充分满足各种信息的输出和输入。收集基本数据，数据结构处理的流程，组成一份详尽的数据字典，为后面的具体设计打下基础。
针对一般图书管理信息系统的需求，通过对图书管理工作过程的内容和数据流程分析，设计如下面所示的数据项和数据结构：
● 读者种类信息，
属性：种类编号，种类名称，借书数量，借书期限，有效期限，备注。
主键：种类编号
● 读者信息，
属性：读者编号，读者姓名，读者种类，读者性别，工作单位，家庭住址，电话号码，电子邮件地址，办证日期，备注。
主键：读者编号
● 书籍类别信息，
属性：类别编号，类别名称，关键词，备注信息。
主键：类别编号
● 书籍信息，
属性：书籍编号，书籍名称，书籍类别，作者姓名，出版社名称，出版日期，书籍页数，关键词，登记日期，备注信息。
主键：书籍编号
● 借阅信息，
属性：借阅信息编号，读者编号，读者姓名，书籍编号，书籍名称，借书日期，还书日期，备注信息。
主键：借阅信息编号
一、通过对系统的调查和可行性分析，画出系统的数据流程图：
基本信息录入 基本信息录入
D1 D2
基本信息录入 基本信息录入
D3 D4
D5
借阅信息录入
读者信息返回 书籍信息返回
数据字典（Data Dictionary）。
1、数据流的DD表举例如下：
数 据 流
系统名：图书管理 编号：
条目名：读者信息 别名：
来源：读者登记 去处：D3
数据流结构：
读者登记={读者编号+读者姓名+读者性别+工作单位+……}
简要说明：
修改记录： 编写 日期
审核 日期
2、数据元素的DD表举例如下：
数 据 元 素
系统名：图书管理 编号
条目名：读者编号 别名
属于数据流：读者登记 存储处：D3读者信息表
数据元素值：
代码类型：字符
宽 度：10
取值范围及含义：
简要说明：每一个读者都有一个唯一的编号
修改记录： 编写 日期
审核 日期
3、数据存储的DD表举例如下：
数 据 存 储
系统名：图书管理 编号：D4
条目名：书籍信息表 别名：
存储组织： 记录数：约3000 主关键字：书籍编号
数据量：约500KB 辅关键字：
按编号主索引
记录组成：
字段名称：书籍编号 书籍名称 … 书籍作者 … 关键词
宽度： 14 32 … 8 10 …
简要说明：
修改记录： 编写： 日期：
审核： 日期：
4、数据加工的DD表举例如下：
数 据 加 工
系统名：图书管理 编号：
条目名：借阅信息录入 别名：
输 入：借阅编号、读者编号… 输出：借阅信息表基本属性
处理逻辑：借阅信息存储在dabase数据库的borrowinfo表中
简要说明：输入某读者的图书借阅情况记录
修改记录： 编写： 日期：
审核： 日期：
2．数据库概念结构设计
本程序包括的实体有：读者类别信息实体，读者信息实体，书籍类别信息实体，书籍信息实体，借阅信息实体。
实体之间关系的E-R图
3．数据库逻辑结构设计
⑴图书基本信息表
Book：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
bookid 文本 保存书号
bookname 文本 保存书名
booktype 文本 保存书的类型
bookauthor 文本 保存保存书的作者
bookpub 文本 保存书的出版社
bookpubdate 日期/时间 保存书的出版日期
bookpages 数字 保存书的页数
bookkeyword 文本 关键字
bookindate 日期/时间 入库时间
putup 文本 是否借出
bookmemo 备注 备注
⑵借书卡信息表(读者信息表)
reader：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
readerno 文本 保存读者编号
readername 文本） 保存读者姓名
readersex 文本） 保存读者性别
readertype 文本 保存读者类别
readerdep 文本 保存读者所属部门
address 文本 保存读者地址
readertel 文本 保存读者电话
email 文本 保存读者的电子邮件地址
checkdate 日期/时间 借阅日期
readermemo 备注 备注
⑶借阅信息表
borrowinfo：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
borrowno 文本 保存借阅号
readerid 文本 保存读者ID
readername 文本 保存借阅者姓名
borrowdate 日期/时间 保存借阅日期
returndate 日期/时间 保存还书日期
memo 备注 备注
⑷图书分类信息表
booktype：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
booktypeno 文本 保存图书分类号
typename 文本 保存类别名称
keyword 文本 关键字
memo 备注 备注
⑸读者分类信息表
readertype：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
typeno 文本 保存读者分类号
typename 文本 保存类别名称
booknumber 数字 保存允许借书数量
bookdays 数字 保存允许借阅天数
userfullife 数字 保存专业ID
memo 备注 备注
⑹用户信息表
User_info：
字段名称 数据类型 字段说明
user_ID 文本 保存用户ID
user_PWD 文本 保存用户密码
user_Des 文本 ……
程序模块示意图如下：（本图仅供参考）
注意
系统硬件需求
为了保证图书管理系统的稳定高速运行，必须要增加硬件并对现有的硬件进行改造，特提出以下硬件需求。（注：这里的硬件指一个完整的硬件系统，其部分的包含了对软件的需求，这些软件是为了正常运行管理系统所必须配备的）
一、 服务器的要求
1． 服务器的中央处理部件（CPU）建议使用PIII 1G（以上） Xeon处理器芯片。
2． 服务器内存必须使用服务器专用ECC内存
3． 为了保证数据存储的绝对可靠，硬盘应使用磁盘冗余阵列（RAID 01）
4． 为了防止服务器不可预测的故障，或者服务器的定期维护对公司整个业务造成的影响，所有建议使用两台服务器。两台服务器应构成双机热备份。中间使用WatchDog电路。这样的结构可以保证整个系统的长时间不间断工作，即使在服务器定期维护的时候也可以使用后备另一台服务器工作。
5． 服务器应支持热插拔电源
6． 服务器必须配备UPS（不间断电源）。
7． 服务器应该放在学校内部。不然无法进行程序调试。
8． 服务器应该必须有固定IP地址。
9． 其他性能在经济条件允许的情况下，应该尽量使用高速稳定的配件。
二、 服务器上应该配备的软件
a) 操作系统：Microsoft Windows 2000 server 或者 Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced server
b) 数据库：Microsoft SQL Server 2000 (简体中文版)
c) 服务器必须使用专业的防火墙和反病毒软件。
d) 除了为了运行必须配备的程序以外，服务器上建议尽量不要安装其他无关程序，以减少程序的混乱或者程序的意外冲突。
e) 各系的操作系统尽量统一。（Windows 9x系列或者Windows 2000系列）。这样可以避免管理软件在出来因为操作系统版本不一致造成的过多的开销。
f) 各系的机器必须也安装反病毒软件和防火墙。以防止网络上的蠕虫病毒在整个网络范围内的蔓延。
g) 如果要打印涉及字段比较多的报表，应该配备针式打印机。
网络设计图（如下）
dis-主要加在名词、形容词,动词之前,dis-为否定前缀的词有：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disaGREe不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、disconnect失去联系
un-主要放于名词,形容词,副词前面,常见的例子有unfinished未完成的、undoubted无疑的、unemployment失业
anti-加在名词、形容词前边最常见的是anti-Japanese抗日战争、anti-social厌恶社会的 反社会的、antidite解毒的药；
de-加在名词、形容词前,常见的例词有decrease减少,deteriorate恶化,demobilize遣散 使…复员、decolor 脱色 漂白；
mis-加在动词、名词前,例词misunderstand误解、misjudge误判、misleading误导、misfortune不幸；
in-常加在形容词,名词之前,如incorrect不正确的、inability无能 无力、inaccurate不准确的等；
其他还有：
a-ab-主要加在形容词动词前,例如atypical非典型性的,abnormal非正常的；abuse滥用、错误使用、虐待；
counter-加在名词、动词前,例如：counterstrike反击、counteract抵抗阻碍、counterrevolution反革命
il-主要加在以1开头的单词的前边,比如：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合逻辑的；
im-加在字母m,b,p之前,这样的词有impossible不可能的、impolite不礼貌的
ir-放在以r开头的英语单词前面,比如：irregular不稳定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的 不能解决的；
mal-主要加在形容词名词之前,例如malfunction功能紊乱,malicious恶意的；
non-加在形容词、名词前,这样以non-为否定前缀的词有non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非电的；提问者评价两个几乎相同的答案一起提交的,没办法,不能选两个人,只能挑快了一分钟的了
小时候 常常望着窗外的天空
幻想 长大以后 实现从前走过的美梦
长大后 发现世界真的不同 不知该要往哪走
还是停在原地 一动也不动
我无意在逃脱 眼看着时间流走 想回到小时候
I wanna or stay away i wanna stay oh。。。最真最美丽的童年
我stay~or stay away i wanny stay Wu。。。
听你讲 你讲 为什么大汉之后 世界就变的不同 完全就变的不同
是不是听到小时候的那样画 我的 就 白白灭不离 不离
小时候 常常望着窗外的天空
幻想 长大以后 能实现从前走过的美梦
长大后 发现世界真的不同 不知该要往哪走
还是停在原地 一动也不动
我无意在逃脱 眼看着时间流走 想回到小时候
I wanna or stay away i wanna stay oh。。。最真最美丽的童年
我stay~or stay away i wanny stay Wu。。。
听你讲 你讲 为什么大汉之后 世界就变的不同 完全就变的不同
是不是听到小时候的那样画 我的 就 白白灭不离 不离
商学院的MIS专业一般认为起源于Accounting，即所谓的AIS，就是研究由于会计电算化带来的一些企业和个人的行为变化。直到现在AIS还是Accounting的一个分支。下面跟着我一起来看看去美国申请管理信息系统专业的要求有哪些？
去美国留学申请管理信息系统专业的要求有哪些管理信息系统专业的就业方向
MIS专业主要有三个方向
图书管理、理工学院下面信息决策（偏重数学）、商学院（分为管理类和MBA类，MBA要求要有工作经验）。
美国MIS学科主要涉及以下一些专业领域：信息系统（Information Systems ）；管理科学（Management Sciences ）；生产运营管理等。
美国MIS专业其它方向：包括 Marketing 、Finance 、Management 、Accounting 、Business Law 、Economics 等等。
申请管理信息系统专业的硬件要求：
对GPA、GT成绩比较严格，大多数学校都要求GPA在30以上，TOEFL90-100以上，GMAT成绩680以上。近两年由于申请的学生非常多，因此学校在这个专业方面录取的标准也可能随之提高。
申请管理信息系统专业的软件要求：
在实习经历上面，当然会要求有几年的工作经验，其他MIS方向的也会要求有一定的相关经验积累。申请人需要在通过相关工作或者实习经验以及个人的各类活动经历来展现自己在该领域所掌握的知识与技能，包括个人的素质和潜力。
课程设置：
Data Base——数据库
Analysis， Modeling and Design——分析，建模与设计
Communications and Networking——通信与网络
Economics for IS Managers——IS管理人员经济学
Systems， Technology and Change——系统，科技与变革
Managing Projects and Change——管理工程与变革
IT Policy and Strategy——IT政策与策略
Information Technology， Ethics and Social Issues——信息科技，道德与社会问题
Leveraging Human Capital in a Technological Workforce——技术人力资源规划
High-Technology Marketing——高科技市场规划
Managing Resources for IS——IS资源管理
IT Security——IT安全
歌曲名:Mis-Shapes
歌手:Pulp
专辑:Different Class
Mis-Shapes
Album:Different Class
Mis-shapes, mistakes, misfits
Raised on a diet of broken biscuits
Oh, we don't look the same as you
We don't do the things you do
But we live around here too, oh really
Mis-shapes, mistakes, misfits
We'd like to go to town but we can't risk it, oh
'Coz they just want to keep us out
You could end up with a smash in the mouth
Just for standing out, oh really
Brothers and sisters can't you see
The future is owned by you and me
There won't be fighting in the street
They think they got us beat
But revenge is going to be so sweet
We're making a move
We're making it now
We're coming out of the sidelines
Just put your hands up, it's a raid yeah
We want your homes
We want your lives
We want the things you won't allow us
We won 't use guns
We won't use bombs
We'll use the one thing we've got more of
That's our mind
Check your lucky numbers
That much money could drag you under, oh
What's the point of being rich
if you can't think of what to do with it
'Coz you're so bleeding thick
Oh, we weren't supposed to be
We learnt to much at school and now we can help but see
That the future you've got mapped out
Is nothing much to shout about
We're making a move
We're making it now
We're coming out of the sidelines
Just put your hands up, it's a raid yeah
We want your homes
We want your lives
We want the things you won't allow us
We won't use guns
We won't use bombs
We'll use the one thing we've got more of
That's our mind
Brothers and sisters can't you see
The future is owned by you and me
There won't be fighting in the street
They think they got us beat
But revenge is going to be so sweet
We're making a move
We're making it now
We're coming out of the sidelines
Just put your hands up, it's a raid yeah
We want your homes
We want your lives
We want the things you won't allow us
We won 't use guns
We won't use bombs
We'll use the one thing we've got more of
That's our mind
And that's our minds, yeah
http://musicbaiducom/song/503522
才两个Chapter就这么多了。
Information Systems Management
Chapter 1: Introduction
1 Introduction
11 The Origin of This Research Interest
As an Information Systems manager, the author worked at Xi’an Jiaotong University
(XJTU), China, (http://wwwxjtueducn) for many years Her personal experience can
be traced back to 1984 when XJTU was the first university in China to launch a
project of management information systems Since then, various Information Systems
(IS) at XJTU have been continually developed and improved At present, the existing
IS are covering almost all the transaction processes of XJTU
In the year 2000, I had an opportunity to study at the Eindhoven University of
Technology (TUE), in The Netherlands (http://wwwtuenl) During my study at TUE,
I had the opportunity to talk with several managers of the university IS, as well as to
look and study more closely at some existing IS at the TUE
Comparing the several IS between XJTU and TUE in practice, I became convinced
that there were tremendous differences Below I will present some typical examples of
the differences
111
Information Systems at XJTU
Generally speaking, the existing IS at XJTU were all self-designed and constructed
upon the demand of superior management levels The Chinese expression for this is
“the one hand involvement” This means that the highest senior manager who is
responsible for the particular business processing in the organization has taken the
initiative to develop his own supporting IS This is still the dominant slogan and basic
principle in the IS community in China, for both IS research and IS development
In practice, all the existing IS are separately designed, developed and deployed in the
several administrative divisions and offices The output of the IS, mostly printed on
paper like general reports with tables, still plays a significant role on campus Such
paper output provides the necessary transfer of messages between the different
offices, which is necessary due to the fact that offices and departments are not
completely autonomous but depend on each other to a certain degree Additionally,
paper output enables the creation of working archives These archives will be
collected and stored in special departments every certain period
XJTU has also an electronic campus network linking all offices, the student as well as
staff dormitory, inside the university Most computers in offices at XJTU are
physically connected to the campus network However, the IS mentioned above still
work in their original set up and are functioning more or less as information islands
As a matter of fact, there are quite a few database links between the different IS
within the different departments Generally speaking, the IS work inside a particular
division for particular administrative business processes These systems are not
intended or accessible outside the “owning” department Even within a specific department there are strict authorization rules for those who have access to IS and
who do not
After the Internet was implemented at the XJTU campus, the ISM became involved in
new tasks and responsibilities, such as publishing university information on the
website, transferring messages by E-mail and communication by Bulletin Board
Systems (BBS)
The website technology has provided a new form and a new opportunity for
publishing information The primary information at the official XJTU website
includes: university hot news, distinguished academics, an introduction to the
university organization, existing national key laboratories, information about
educational programs, admission, studying abroad, staff and vacancy information,
information about international conferences, including the call for papers, the XJTU
journal, information about scientific programs and technology transfer, information
about international co-operation, library information, information about the available
ICT services, alumni news, and so on
In general, Email is not prevalent for both collective and individual use The
notifications from the organization to individuals are generally communicated through
the medium of paper Business communications, as well as private communications,
are often in a face-to-face mode or by phone, sometimes by FAX
In addition, the BBS is a very attractive communicating facility at campus There are
many participants discussing themes, covering a lot of messages both at campus, as
well as outside the campus The total number of the actual running chat themes is
nearly 200 in the BBS area Some of the most favorite themes are: the top ten hottest
topics, the latest prime topics, news from the XJTU forum science, technology issues,
sociology, liberal arts, sports, music, games, news from other universities, on-line
chatting and discussions, searching friends, and so on
Many students, teachers, university staff, as well as managers are quite interested in
the chatting themes and topics It appears to be a very useful communication facility
between colleagues, between students and teachers, as well as between staff and
managers
There are two modes of access to the BBS One is through inputting the registered
name and password Another mode is the anonymous one without any input of
personal information People can enter BBS practically anywhere and anytime
globally, as long as the user’s computer is connected to the Internet
Regardless of which model one use to access the BBS, all reading and writing of
topics are open to users In other words, users can access any topic in both access
modes However, the published information on the BBS will be monitored and will be
cancelled if that information is not allowed to be published
112
Information Systems at the TUE
There are many management IS at the TUE, supporting the many business processes
at campus Classifying them into major categories, one could say that one type of IS
has to do with issues regarding educational programs and student affairs, another
deals with research themes and issues (the several programs, staff involved, external
participants involved, contract agreements, etc), still another handles personnel
affairs, and the last deals with financial issues and facilities (lecture halls, laboratories,
buildings, etc)
The objective of all the IS at TUE relate to the internal business processes The IS are
either self-developed or standard software purchased from external suppliers Most
information tasks are carried out by TUE personnel or students, but some
applications, like salary payments, are completely outsourced The IS are functioning
at university levels, department levels, or sub-department levels
The majority of IS are user centered In other words, it is up to the users whether a
particular information system is necessary and acceptable The ease of use is, in that
respect, quite an important feature Next to that, and even more important, is the
usefulness of the information system itself for the users An information system will
only be successful if, and only if; the users involved have a direct or indirect benefit
from that system This principle is described by Bemelmans as the “Closed Loop
Principle” A system should be designed in such a way that the people, who are
mainly responsible for the input, have a direct benefit of doing that input job in a
correct way The system should function as a closed loop in that respect [Bemelmans,
2000]
The TUE Campus network is linked to all offices at the university, highly facilitating
various applications As a matter of fact, all databases and IS are connected to each
other according to the users’ business processes requirements Modifying those links,
such as adding, changing and deleting, has to be done according to the user’s
requirements
Back up facilities are strongly developed at the campus network at the TUE All the
existing IS and relevant databases, as well as the back ups are distributed by the
campus network at both departmental and university level Normally, users make their
own initial back up at the department level whenever they like Afterwards, both
department and university level back up will regularly and automatically proceed
according to fixed periods
Email is a very popular communicating facility at the TUE For example, with email it
is quite easy to make an appointment, to exchange messages, to announce an event, to
issue an invitation, and so on
The public folder of the Email includes various information from all faculties,
departments, institutes, as well as sub-departments, such as the introductory events for
new students and/or staff, all kinds of messages, agenda, public announcements,
notifications, meeting minutes, general contacts, project proposals, staff issues, tasks
to be done, etc
The website of the TUE provides general information about TUE, the campus plan,
the mission statement, slideshows, agendas, publications, departmental information,
study programs, research programs and schools, management & service issues,
internationalization, vacancies, library information, information about and for
students, employees, prospective students, alumni, companies, general visitors, etc
In addition, the personal website is very popular at TUE Every staff member can
design his or her own personal website according to his or her own desire regarding
content, style and form Meanwhile, he or she can revise the personal website at
anytime
113 Some Differences between XJTU and TUE
Comparing the situation of the IS at XJTU and the TUE, we find some interesting
differences These will be discussed in the following section
• Different Involvement of Senior Management
As we described before, at XJTU it is quite normal that the basic initiative to develop
an information system is taken by the superior management Chinese people are
familiar with hierarchical relationships and from that perspective, it is quite
understandable that IS development is only started on the initiative of the “boss”
Earlier we indicated that attitude as “the one hand involvement” Said another way,
the Chinese approach is a top-down one Many studies in the IS field concern the
question of how to effectively involve the senior and primary managers in the
different activities and tasks regarding ISM In practice, many successfully
implemented IS at universities are sufficiently supported by senior and primary
managers
In contrast, the approach in the Netherlands regarding university systems seems to be
“bottom up” The future users of a system have a very important influence on system
design and development In that respect, the user’s involvement is significant at the
TUE in the Netherlands For example, users are heavily involved in proposing new
IS, and also in designing, evaluating, and upgrading IS, etc
• Different Information Systems Architectures
The IS at XJTU are mainly located in and reserved for specific application units
Generally speaking, they are internally oriented At the university level, there are
hardly any existing links or connections between IS Databases do not cross the
application units so there is no practice in sharing common data In other words, the
architecture of the Chinese IS is distributed but at the same time isolated, not
integrated The several systems are functioning on their own, that is, they behave like
information islands
Although the IS at TUE are also decentralized and distributed in the several
application units, they are all connected together according to business process
requirements The links between the existing systems and databases are quite
complicated Seen from an architectural viewpoint, one could characterize the TUE
systems as distributed, but at the same time highly integrated Responsibilities related
to the IS, as well as with the databases, are organized according to user requirements
• Different Information Sharing Approaches
At XJTU, the information sharing is mainly dependent on the reporting manner
Whenever information has to be exchanged between different units, this could be
provided in both paper mode and electronic mode, according to the required type and
form In practice, each exchange must be approved by management and has to follow
certain strict authorization procedures
Information sharing at TUE is mainly online and in electronic mode As mentioned
previously, all the databases and IS are substantially connected with each other,
according to the requirements of the daily business processes If a new requirement
comes out because of new or adapted business processes, the IS architecture will be
adapted by creating new links and connections
• Different Information Communicating Channels
People at the XJTU and the TUE are using the available information communication
channels in different ways At XJTU, email is not prevalent, as people are still used to
being informed face to face, by phone or fax However, the Bulletin Board System
(BBS) appears to be a popular communication channel, providing a complementary
bridge to the traditional communication channels at campus
In contrast to XJTU, at TUE Email is the most commonly used communication
channel Many communications, both at the group and individual level, are done by
From the given examples above, the following questions could be asked:
– Why are the existing IS organized differently in
practice between XJTU and TUE
– Why are the approaches of designing and developing IS
different between XJTU and TUE
– What is the reason that the management emphasis and
involvement is different between XJTU and TUE
In order to answer the questions above, there is a compelling need for researching the
domain of ISM
12 Expected Results of the Research
“Information system management is a key component of successful implementation
and utilization of Information and communication technology in an organization”
[Looijen, 1998] “It is increasingly becoming an important part of the responsibilities
of managers and information workers at all levels of the organization” [Ralph H
Sprague et al, 1993] Particularly, with the increasing internationalization of trade and
consequent integrations of the global economy, ISM is becoming increasingly obvious More and more businesses are strongly depending on the reliable functioning
of IS At the same time, applications of IS are continuously infused and diffused
world wide, due to the rapid development of information technology Many new
technical products are introduced New technologies are demanded and also provided
New IS are developed and implemented The border and the scope of IS are crossing
organizations, regions and countries Consequently, globalization is typical of the
application of modern information technology On the one hand, the development and
application of IS are boosted because of globalization On the other hand, managing
those IS properly is getting more and more difficult because of the enormous
complexity of modern global IS
This study is significant for several reasons First, from a global point of view,
studying the differences of ISM between Chinese and Dutch would be meaningful
Insights from the research findings would be helpful in understanding the differences
that are important when one has to set up an internationalized ISM Second, the
research findings would be helpful to understand people’s behavior from different
countries Third, the results of the research would also contribute to developing
relevant management strategies for an internationalized ISM The results would then
be useful to study, design and develop more flexible and compatible IS in a global IS
world And last, but not least, the research could benefit IS producers if they are
moving from their own domestic markets towards international markets
13 The Research Scope and Focus
It should be clear from the previous sections that this research could be meaningful,
useful and helpful for IS researchers, IS-producers, users, as well as for managers
Comparing the several IS at the XJTU and the TUE and then understanding the
differences in ISM are the reason and motivation for this research
It is necessary to clarify the research scope and the research focus As described in
previous sections, some observable differences in ISM between XJTU and the TUE
exist in practice This might be caused by many factors
Since countries are different, the IS and its ISM have been embedded in different and
situational circumstances Accordingly, the research scope could include many issues
related to country specific factors, such as Politics, Law/Legislation, Economics,
Organizational issues, Technology, National Culture, etc
Although all those country specific factors are of significance for ISM, it is not
possible to include all those factors in this research Therefore, this research will focus
on national culture and its influence on ISM Of course, answering the national
cultural impact on ISM would not mean that all other country specific factors have
been solved In that sense, this study has its clear shortcomings However, the result
of this research might be useful and helpful for studying the other country specific
factors The research scope and the research focus are depicted in Figure 11
the research scope
the research focus
country specific factors
related ISM issues
national culture
related ISM issues
Figure 11: The Research Scope and Research Focus
14 Research Objective
As stated before, we are interested in finding answers to the following questions:
1 Why are IS in practice organized differently at XJTU
and TUE What generalized conclusions can be drawn
from that
2 Why are there different development approaches in
China and The Netherlands What consequences would
this have for ISM
3 What are explanations that the management emphasis
on IS is different between XJTU and TUE To what
adapted strategies should that lead in case one has to
develop and deploy IS in general
The research scope and research focus were clarified in the previous section In other
words, this research will study country specific factors influencing ISM in general,
and focus on the national culture factors, in particular Therefore, one of the
objectives of this research is to answer the following research question:
–
What is the impact of national cultural differences on
ISM
If national culture plays an important role in the application of IS, it would also
profoundly affect the corresponding ISM in practice Understanding the importance of
culture on ISM then becomes particularly relevant because IS cross the borders of
countries or regions and thus various users are involved It is quite a challenge for a
(global) ISM to facilitate the reliability, availability, compatibility, flexibility,
maintainability, etc of the several IS in use
Apart from aiming at a direct contribution to understanding and realizing how
national culture influences ISM, the second objective of this research is to propose
designs for organizing and implementing ISM in the several situational
circumstances Our research ambition is thus not only to clarify the impact of national
culture on ISM (explanatory research) but also finding practical solutions for ISM
implementations (design oriented research) Therefore, the second objective of this
research is answering the following question:
– How can IS be managed properly by taking into account
national cultural differences
太多了，一个百度网页摆不下了。自己下载，再用PDF2Word转换成Word文档吧。
管理信息系统（Management Information System，简称MIS）
HRM 是human resource management的缩写，是指人力资源管理（也叫HR管理）
IT = Information Technology，信息技术。
数据库管理系统(database management system)是一种操纵和管理数据库的大型软件，用于建立、使用和维护数据库，简称dbms。
结构化查询语言(Structured Query Language)简称SQL
MRP(Material Requirement Planning 物料需求计划)是被设计并用于制造业库存管理信息处理的系统，它解决了如何实现制造业库存管理目标
ERP是Enterprise Resource Planning（企业资源计划）的简称
CIMS是英文Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems或contemporary的缩写，直译就是计算机/现代集成制造系统。
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