不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。
2用途:
在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质,本身可以带宾语和状语。
动词不定式
1结构:动词 + 不定式
2用途:
动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。 [编辑本段][动词不定式的时态、语态] 动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语,其形式如下:
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 (not) to do(not) to be done
进行式 (not) to be doing无被动
完成式 (not) to have done ( not) to have been done
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up(不定式作主语)
I wish to be sent to work in the country(不定式作宾语)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired(不定式作定语)
He went to the hospital to be examined(不定式作状语)
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of)但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now( We have nothing to do now) There is nothing to be done now(We can do nothing now)
(2)时态
1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this
I hope to see you again = I hope that I'll see you again 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble
He seems to have caught a cold
3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something
4) 完成进行时:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years
一般在情绪后加to do to do 也表将来 [编辑本段][疑问词+不定式结构] 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet (不定式在句子中做主语)
②Mr Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there (不定式在句子中做宾语)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well (不定式在句子中做间接宾语)
④The question was where to get the medicine needed (不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand, wonder等。 [编辑本段][动词不定式的语法功能] 一、作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work
③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour
④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays
⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It'skind of you to help me with my English=You are kind to helpme with my English
(3)举例
1) It's easy (for me) to do that我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of him to help us 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see
二、作宾语
1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到), appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望) pretend
举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2) 动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动 词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well
He feels it his duty to help the poor
I find it difficult to learn English well
三、作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a Father will not allow us to play on the street
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b We believe him to be guilty
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground
I found it important to learn
I found that to learn English is important
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead
A lying B lie C lay D laying
答案:Afind的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer
A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invented
答案:A 由consider to dosth 排除B、D。 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider
We regard Tom as our best teacher 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
四、作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper
⑥The story told by MrWang is interesting
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
五、作状语
1)目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry
He searched the room only to find nothing
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___
A sit B sit on C be seat D be sat on
答案:B 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
六、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
①The next train to arrive is from Washington
②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister
③Do you have anything to say on the question
④Would you please give me some paper to write on
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。 [编辑本段][省to 的动词不定式] 1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役动词 let, have, make:
3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕";
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake
她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland Do you have any idea about that
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗 (一种想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing
How old were you when you first started playing the piano
你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to
do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt
动词不定式(to do)是英语课本中的一个重点。下面我们对动词不定式做一简要归纳,以帮助同学们学习和参考。
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成 (有时可以不带to)。其否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。它属于一种非谓语动词的形式,在句子中不能充当谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但它可以保留动词的性质,其本身可以带宾语或状语等附加成分(不定式和其附加成分称为不定式短语)。动词不定式(短语)的句法功能非常广泛,在句中可作主语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语及状语等成分。
一、作主语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词常常用单数。例如:
To do morning exercises is useful for our health 做早操有利于我们的健康。
To sweep the floor is my duty every day 每天打扫地板是我的责任。
(2)如果动词不定式太长,常常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置。例如:
It took me half an hour to walk there.我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
It’s important for us to learn English well.对我们来说,学好英语是重要的。
二、作宾语
(1)能够接动词不定式作宾语的有 ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等动词,但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等动词后面通常只能接动名词作宾语。例如:
I hope to visit this place again 我希望能再度访问此地。
She enjoys reading very much.她非常喜欢读书。
The driver failed to see the other car in time 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
(2)动词不定式与名等词构成复合宾语时,通常要用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。例如:
I think it our duty to obey the laws 我认为遵守法律是我们的义务。
I found it difficult to see him here 我发现在这里见到他是很难的。
三、作补足语
(1)某些动词在主动式中后接动词不定式作宾语补足语;在被动式中,由于原来的宾语变成了主语,故原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。这类动词常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish,invite等。例如:
They told him not to be late again他们告诉他不要再迟到了。→He was told not to be late again
She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday.昨天她请我一起进餐。
(2)在feel(一感),listen to,hear(二听),let,make,have(三让),look at,see,watch,notice(四看)等词之后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,强调动作的完成过程;它们作被动句的谓语时,to要补上。如:
I heard her sing today.She sang wonderfully.今天我听见她唱歌了,她唱得非常精彩。
She was heard to sing today.今天有人听见她唱歌了。
She is often heard to sing this song(by us).我们经常听见她唱这首歌。
四、作状语
⑴动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。例如:
Come to see me again soon 尽快再来看我。
I trembled to think of it 我一想到那件事就不寒而栗。
You couldn't do that to save your life 你即使为了救自己也不能那样做。
(2) only to do sth 与 only doing sth 都可作表示结果的状语,区别是:only to do sth 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的结果, 或用来暗示最初的未能实现的动作;only doing sth 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果。例如:
I worked hard, only to fail at last 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败。
He died, only leaving nothing but debts 他死了,只留下一身债
五、作表语
(1)动词不定式往往放在系动词be(,become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式)的后面作表语,表示将来的情况,说明主语的内容。例如:
My wish is to become a teacher.我的愿望是当一名教师。
Your job today is to clean the playground 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
(2)如果系动词后的动词说明主语的性质,特征,相当于形容词。这时就要用现在分词作表语,而不用不定式。例如:
He said that the story was interesting.他说这则故事很有趣。
六、作定语
(1)动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式;如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,该动词不定式要用被动式。例如:
Do you have anything to do tonight 你今晚有什么事要做吗
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow Do you have anything to be taken there 明天我要去上海。你有什么东西要捎去的吗
(2)动词不定式作定语往往表示尚未发生的动作,如果动作已发生或正在发生,一般用现在分词作定语。例如:
I have no pen to write with.我没有钢笔写字。
The man standing there is Li Ming 站在那里的那个人是李明。
七、和疑问词连用:
不定式前可用what,who,which,where,when,how,why等疑问词构成不定式短语,这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
(1)作主语。例如:
When to start has not been decided 什么时候出发还没定下来。
(2)作表语。例如:
The question is how to do the job well 问题是怎样做好这项工作。
(3)作宾语。例如:
He told me where to find the book 他告诉我了在哪找到这本书的。
Do you know how to play football 你知道怎样踢足球吗?
八、不定式的被动式
在初中阶段还涉及到动词不定式被动式的一般式,这种形式是由“to be+动词过去分词”构成的,表示“被……”之意。例如:
There are twenty more trees to be planted 有更多的树要栽种。
望采纳 谢谢
动词不定式在句中起着名词、形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它成份。高考侧重考查其作宾语、定语、目的状语、表语的功能以及不带to的用法。
一、不定式的宾语功能
hope, wish, expect, pretend, plan, decide, seem等动词后需接不定式作宾语。
例:She pretended ______ me when I passed by(MET’89)
Anot to see B not seeing
C to not see D having not seen
解析:pretend后应接不定式作宾语,其否定式是“not to do”,故选A。
二、不定式的定语功能
不定式作定语,被其修饰的名词为不定式所表动作的逻辑主语、逻辑宾语等。
例1:There are five pairs ______, but I’m at a loss which to buy
(上海1999)
A to be chosen B to choose from
C to choose D for choosing
解析:从语境可知,该空作定语修饰five pairs,且five pairs为该空所表动作的逻辑宾语,所以应填不定式to choose from作定语,表示“从……中挑选”,故选B。
例2:It seems that he has no pen ______
(北京 2003 春)
A to write B to write with
C writing D writing with
解析:从语境可知该空作定语修饰pen,故选B。
三、不定式的目的状语功能
不定式常作目的状语,同时它可用于一些固定搭配来作目的状语,如 in order (not ) to do,so as (not) to do。
例1:-Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day
-______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up
(上海1999)
A Get B Getting
C To get D To be getting
解析:从语境可知,每天吃一只鸡蛋的目的是给你提供更多的蛋白质和营养,所以应用不定式作目的状语,故选C。
例2:In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving ______ their products more competitive
(上海 2002)
A to make B making
C to have make D having make
解析:从语境可知,许多国营公司正在努力的目的是使他们的产品更具竞争性,所以应用不定式作目的状语,故选A。
四、不定式的表语功能
不定式和-ing形式一样可作表语,说明主语的内容。
例: The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult (NMET’99)
A not make B not to make
C not making D do not make
解析:本题句意是“应用新技术的目的是使生活变得更安逸,而非更困难”。通常两个以上不定式并列时,后者的to常省掉;但是如果表示对比或对照关系时,后者的to不可以省掉,故选B。
五、不定式的综合考点
高考对不定式的考查并不仅限于考查一般形式,而更多的是考查它的进行式、完成式、被动式、完成被动式等较复杂的结构。
例1:Hurry up, he is sure ______ for us(NMET’ 95)
A to wait B to be waiting
C waiting D being waited
解析: be sure 后应接不定式。根据句意,现在之所以应快点走是因为他正在等我们,所以应用不定式的进行式,故选B。
例2:Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it (NMET 2002)
A to see B to be seen
C seeing D seen
解析:从语境可知,该题第二个分句要表达“他们是否喜欢(去国外旅行),(人们)还不知道”这一意思,故选B。
it hard to improve listening 是省略句,做 find 的宾语。to improve listening 不定式是省略句的实际主语,it 是省略句的形式主语。整个句子还原是:I find (that) it (is) hard to improve listening 省略句主语还原是:I find (that) to improve listening (is) hard
to play the piano 是 likes 的宾语。
important 做表语。for us 行为人(主语)。to look是整个句子的实际主语,it 是形式主语。
不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hardIt is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes(2)作表语:Her job is to clean the hall(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn,pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,Marx found it important to study English well(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force,call on, wait for, invite(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后与所修饰名词有如下关系:①动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点,工具等,应有必要的介词He found a good house to live in②说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here(6)作状语:①表目的:He worked day and night to get the money②表结果:He arrived late to find the train gone③表原因:They were very sad to hear the news④表程度:It's too dark for us to see anything
1做宾语补足语
2做表语
3做宾语补足语
4做主语
5做宾语
6做宾语
7做宾语补足语
8做宾语补足语
9做宾语补足语
10做宾语补足语
--首先动词不定式可以做主语比如说 To see is to believe(眼见为实)--也可以做表语,像上面那句的"to believe"就在句子中充当表语成分 另举一个简单的例子就是: My dream is to be a teacher--做宾语I want to go asleep--做宾语补足语比如I want you to go with me--做状语//比如,To be honest,I don't want to go with you中"To be honest"就是做状语用
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