He rushed into the room to put the fire out
这个句子中的不定式,是作目的状语用。关于不定式的用法如下:
动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如:
(1)作主语:To help each other is good
动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:
It is good to help each other
(2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day
动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:
Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up… 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)
We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。
(3)作宾语:
① 作及物动词的宾语:如:She wishes to be a musician;
② 作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking;
③ 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next
(4)作宾语补足语:Tell the children not to play on the street
如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street
(5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don’t think it right to do it that way
(6)作定语:
动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him
和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on
如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live
(定语和宾补的区分方法:如果不定式是出现在:“动宾宾补”结构后面的话,不定式应该是做宾补了;而如果不定式是出现在“系表宾”结构后,那不定式应该是做定语了)
(7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:
① 目的状语: Every morning he gets up very early to read English 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it
② 结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。
③ too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式,表示“足能…”的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now
3 复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest
当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day
4 疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem
5 动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting
6 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:
(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring(其后),They often watch us play table tennis(同时);
(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting
(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in
7 动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet
不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hardIt is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes(2)作表语:Her job is to clean the hall(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn,pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,Marx found it important to study English well(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force,call on, wait for, invite(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后与所修饰名词有如下关系:①动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点,工具等,应有必要的介词He found a good house to live in②说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get here(6)作状语:①表目的:He worked day and night to get the money②表结果:He arrived late to find the train gone③表原因:They were very sad to hear the news④表程度:It's too dark for us to see anything
用法一:作主语
动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词常常用单数。
例如:To do morning exercises is useful for our health。
做早操有利于我们的健康。
如果动词不定式太长,常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语——动词不定式to do后置。
例如:It took me half an hour to walk there.
我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
用法二:作表语
动词不定式to do往往放在系动词be(become,sound,taste等系动词后面一般不接不定式)的后面作表语,表示将来的情况,说明主语的内容。
例如:Anyhow, my goal is to provide humans with a life of high quality。
总之,我的目标就是为人类提供高质量的生活。
用法三:作宾语
作宾语时就是经常背的固定搭配,比如“想做某事”,want to do sth。这里的to do就是名词化的不定式宾语。
常见的用不定式当宾语的动词有:
Decide /determine /learn /care /pretend /agree /want / expect/ hope/ wish/ offer/Promise /help /refuse /manage /choose /plan /ask /beg。
例如:People began to wonder how long the disaster would last。
人们开始困惑灾难将持续多久?
用法四:作定语
不定式作定语,放在名词后面,表述一个将来的动作。
例如:I am always the first person to get to the office。
我总是第一个到办公室的人。
用法五:作状语
不定式可以用作目的状语、结果状语以及原因状语。
例如:I am too tired to stay up longer。
我太累了,不能再熬夜了。(表结果)
例如:I am so excited to be here
我到这真的很兴奋。(表原因)
为你解答。
1 I'd like (to help homeless people)
我想帮助无家可归的人。
解释:不定式做宾语。
2The girl could visit the sick kids in the hospital (to cheer them up)
这个女孩看望生病的孩子,让他们开心起来。
解释:不定式做目的状语。
3Mario believes it can help him (to get his future dream job)
马里奥相信它能帮它获得将来的理想工作。
解释:不定式做宾语补足语。
4It's very important (to keep healthy)
保持健康很重要。
解释:不定式是真正的主语,it是形式主语。
5Her job is (to look after the children)
她的工作是照看孩子们。
解释:不定式是作表语。
动词不定式在句中起着名词、形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它成份。高考侧重考查其作宾语、定语、目的状语、表语的功能以及不带to的用法。
一、不定式的宾语功能
hope, wish, expect, pretend, plan, decide, seem等动词后需接不定式作宾语。
例:She pretended ______ me when I passed by(MET’89)
Anot to see B not seeing
C to not see D having not seen
解析:pretend后应接不定式作宾语,其否定式是“not to do”,故选A。
二、不定式的定语功能
不定式作定语,被其修饰的名词为不定式所表动作的逻辑主语、逻辑宾语等。
例1:There are five pairs ______, but I’m at a loss which to buy
(上海1999)
A to be chosen B to choose from
C to choose D for choosing
解析:从语境可知,该空作定语修饰five pairs,且five pairs为该空所表动作的逻辑宾语,所以应填不定式to choose from作定语,表示“从……中挑选”,故选B。
例2:It seems that he has no pen ______
(北京 2003 春)
A to write B to write with
C writing D writing with
解析:从语境可知该空作定语修饰pen,故选B。
三、不定式的目的状语功能
不定式常作目的状语,同时它可用于一些固定搭配来作目的状语,如 in order (not ) to do,so as (not) to do。
例1:-Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day
-______ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up
(上海1999)
A Get B Getting
C To get D To be getting
解析:从语境可知,每天吃一只鸡蛋的目的是给你提供更多的蛋白质和营养,所以应用不定式作目的状语,故选C。
例2:In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving ______ their products more competitive
(上海 2002)
A to make B making
C to have make D having make
解析:从语境可知,许多国营公司正在努力的目的是使他们的产品更具竞争性,所以应用不定式作目的状语,故选A。
四、不定式的表语功能
不定式和-ing形式一样可作表语,说明主语的内容。
例: The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult (NMET’99)
A not make B not to make
C not making D do not make
解析:本题句意是“应用新技术的目的是使生活变得更安逸,而非更困难”。通常两个以上不定式并列时,后者的to常省掉;但是如果表示对比或对照关系时,后者的to不可以省掉,故选B。
五、不定式的综合考点
高考对不定式的考查并不仅限于考查一般形式,而更多的是考查它的进行式、完成式、被动式、完成被动式等较复杂的结构。
例1:Hurry up, he is sure ______ for us(NMET’ 95)
A to wait B to be waiting
C waiting D being waited
解析: be sure 后应接不定式。根据句意,现在之所以应快点走是因为他正在等我们,所以应用不定式的进行式,故选B。
例2:Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it (NMET 2002)
A to see B to be seen
C seeing D seen
解析:从语境可知,该题第二个分句要表达“他们是否喜欢(去国外旅行),(人们)还不知道”这一意思,故选B。
动词不定式(to do)是英语课本中的一个重点。下面我们对动词不定式做一简要归纳,以帮助同学们学习和参考。
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成 (有时可以不带to)。其否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。它属于一种非谓语动词的形式,在句子中不能充当谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但它可以保留动词的性质,其本身可以带宾语或状语等附加成分(不定式和其附加成分称为不定式短语)。动词不定式(短语)的句法功能非常广泛,在句中可作主语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语及状语等成分。
一、作主语
(1)动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词常常用单数。例如:
To do morning exercises is useful for our health 做早操有利于我们的健康。
To sweep the floor is my duty every day 每天打扫地板是我的责任。
(2)如果动词不定式太长,常常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置。例如:
It took me half an hour to walk there.我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
It’s important for us to learn English well.对我们来说,学好英语是重要的。
二、作宾语
(1)能够接动词不定式作宾语的有 ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等动词,但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等动词后面通常只能接动名词作宾语。例如:
I hope to visit this place again 我希望能再度访问此地。
She enjoys reading very much.她非常喜欢读书。
The driver failed to see the other car in time 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
(2)动词不定式与名等词构成复合宾语时,通常要用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。例如:
I think it our duty to obey the laws 我认为遵守法律是我们的义务。
I found it difficult to see him here 我发现在这里见到他是很难的。
三、作补足语
(1)某些动词在主动式中后接动词不定式作宾语补足语;在被动式中,由于原来的宾语变成了主语,故原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。这类动词常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish,invite等。例如:
They told him not to be late again他们告诉他不要再迟到了。→He was told not to be late again
She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday.昨天她请我一起进餐。
(2)在feel(一感),listen to,hear(二听),let,make,have(三让),look at,see,watch,notice(四看)等词之后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,强调动作的完成过程;它们作被动句的谓语时,to要补上。如:
I heard her sing today.She sang wonderfully.今天我听见她唱歌了,她唱得非常精彩。
She was heard to sing today.今天有人听见她唱歌了。
She is often heard to sing this song(by us).我们经常听见她唱这首歌。
四、作状语
⑴动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。例如:
Come to see me again soon 尽快再来看我。
I trembled to think of it 我一想到那件事就不寒而栗。
You couldn't do that to save your life 你即使为了救自己也不能那样做。
(2) only to do sth 与 only doing sth 都可作表示结果的状语,区别是:only to do sth 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的结果, 或用来暗示最初的未能实现的动作;only doing sth 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果。例如:
I worked hard, only to fail at last 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败。
He died, only leaving nothing but debts 他死了,只留下一身债
五、作表语
(1)动词不定式往往放在系动词be(,become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式)的后面作表语,表示将来的情况,说明主语的内容。例如:
My wish is to become a teacher.我的愿望是当一名教师。
Your job today is to clean the playground 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
(2)如果系动词后的动词说明主语的性质,特征,相当于形容词。这时就要用现在分词作表语,而不用不定式。例如:
He said that the story was interesting.他说这则故事很有趣。
六、作定语
(1)动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式;如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,该动词不定式要用被动式。例如:
Do you have anything to do tonight 你今晚有什么事要做吗
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow Do you have anything to be taken there 明天我要去上海。你有什么东西要捎去的吗
(2)动词不定式作定语往往表示尚未发生的动作,如果动作已发生或正在发生,一般用现在分词作定语。例如:
I have no pen to write with.我没有钢笔写字。
The man standing there is Li Ming 站在那里的那个人是李明。
七、和疑问词连用:
不定式前可用what,who,which,where,when,how,why等疑问词构成不定式短语,这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
(1)作主语。例如:
When to start has not been decided 什么时候出发还没定下来。
(2)作表语。例如:
The question is how to do the job well 问题是怎样做好这项工作。
(3)作宾语。例如:
He told me where to find the book 他告诉我了在哪找到这本书的。
Do you know how to play football 你知道怎样踢足球吗?
八、不定式的被动式
在初中阶段还涉及到动词不定式被动式的一般式,这种形式是由“to be+动词过去分词”构成的,表示“被……”之意。例如:
There are twenty more trees to be planted 有更多的树要栽种。
望采纳 谢谢
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