英语语法 句子成分

英语句法内容很多，再简单也不是一句两句能说清的。我就泛泛地写一些，具体的还是看一些专门的资料吧。

简单说，句子成分可以分为基本成分、附属成分、独立成分、省略成分和连接成分5类。

一、基本成分：

根据结构，可以分为5类。

① 主语＋不及物动词：

John came

② 主语＋及物动词＋宾语：

John likes apples

③ 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语：

John gave Mary books

④ 主语＋系动词＋主语补语：

John is happy

⑤ 主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语：

John makes Mary angry

主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。如果把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。

二、附属成分：

基本成分可以加修饰语：

① 定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）：

Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby

② 状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）：

Whenever he gets drunk,John makes Mary very angry

这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。

三、独立成分

句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。

Oh!What a surprise!（惊叹词）

Come here, John(称呼语)

四、省略成分

此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然没有说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：

(You)Come here

(I wish you)Good luck!

五、连接成分

最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。

总之，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。

1、结构层次和关系

各级语法单位都是由下一级语法单位组成的,都是可以向下分析成更小的语法单位,但是这些下级语法单位并非一次性组合,而是有一个先后次序问题,这就是说语法结构具有层次性

但是,如果光说结构层次"老王上夜班""一匹小白马"二者在结构层次上完全一样,虽然能够看出词与词组合的先后次序,但不能反映二者的差异,所以还必须讲结构关系即讲清语法单位参与组合时相互之间的关系

老王上夜班（第一层次：主谓）

一匹小白马（第一层次：偏正）

2、结构成分

不同的结构关系就有不同的成分

①主语和谓语

主语是被陈述的对象,谓语是对主语加以陈述的（例子见p6下）

②动语和宾语

动语是表支配关涉的动作（动词或动词性短语）,宾语是被支配、关涉的对象

"动语"这个概念是本体系的新创,以前通常叫做"动词"或者"述语"

喊哑了嗓子 喊哑了动词（词＋成分）

主谓关系＝主语＋谓语、定中关系＝定语＋中心语、状中关系＝状语＋中心语、中补关系＝中心语＋补语动宾关系＝动词＋宾语

为了体现成分对成分的原则,称为"动语"比较合适

英语句子成分语法讲解

　 一、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。

　The sun rises in the east (名词)

　He likes dancing (代词)

　Twenty years is a short time in history (数词)

　Seeing is believing (动名词)

　To see is to believe (不定式)

　What he needs is a book (主语从句)

　It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree

　(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)

　 二、谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

　We study English

　He is asleep

　 三、表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的'性质、状态和特征。

　He is a teacher (名词)

　Seventy-four! You don’t look it (代词)

　Five and five is ten (数词)

　He is asleep (形容词)

　His father is in (副词)

　The picture is on the wall (介词短语)

　My watch is gone / missing / lost (形容词化的分词)

　To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring ” (不定式)

　The question is whether they will come (表语从句)

　常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，

　taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) …

　It sounds a good idea

　The sound sounds strange

　Her voice sounds sweet

　Tom looks thin

　The food smells delicious

　The food tastes good

　The door remains open

　Now I feel tired

　 四、宾语：

　1)动作的承受者——动宾

　I like China (名词)

　He hates you (代词)

　How many do you need We need two (数词)

　We should help the old and the poor

　I enjoy working with you (动名词)

　I hope to see you again (不定式)

　Did you write down what he said (宾语从句)

　2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾

　Are you afraid of the snake

　Under the snow, there are many rocks

　3) 双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)

　He gave me a book yesterday

　Give the poor man some money

　 五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

　We elected him monitor (名词)

　We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here (名)

　We will make them happy (形容词)

　We found nobody in (副词)

　Please make yourself at home (介词短语)

　Don’t let him do that (省to不定式)

　His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson (带to不定式)

　Don’t keep the lights burning (现在分词)

　I’ll have my bike repaired (过去分词)

　 六、主补：对主语的补充。

　He was elected monitor

　She was found singing in the next room

　He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson

　 七、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

　Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher(名词)

　He is our friend (代词)

　We belong to the third world (数词)

　He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson(形容词)

　The man over there is my old friend(副词)

　The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister (介词)

　The boys playing football are in Cla2 (现在分词)

　The trees planted last year are growing well now (过去分词)

　I have an idea to do it well (不定式)

　You should do everything that I do (定语从句)

　 八、状语：用来修饰v, adj, adv, or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

　(以下例句按上述顺序排列) I will go there tomorrow

　The meeting will be held in the meetingroom

　The meat went bad because of the hot weather

　He studies hard to learn English well

　He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam

　I like some of you very much

　If you study hard, you will pathe exam

　He goes to school by bike

　Though he is young, he can do it well

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　英语语法句子成分是英语的核心，我在这里整理了相关知识，希望能帮助到大家。

　英语语法句子成分分析

　句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

　主语

　主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。

　如：

　讲述“谁” We work in a big factory

　讲述“什么” The classroom is very big

　数词作主语 Three are enough

　从句作主语 What we need is food 我们最需要的是食物

　▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：

　There are some bottles of milk in the box

　▲ 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：

　It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”

　It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house

　谓语

　谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。

　如：He is very generous

　She looks very smart and cool

　We have finished the job

　He can speak German

　表语

　表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。

　形容词作表语

　You look youngerthan before 名词作表语

　Myfather is a teacher 副词作表语

　Everyone is here 介词短语作表语

　They are at the theatre不定式作表语

　My job is to teach them English 动名词作表语

　Her job is training the nurses从句作表语

　宾语

　▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。

　如：

　名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes

　代词做宾语 He often helps me

　不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in theopen air

　动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed livingin China

　从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work intime

　▲直接宾语和间接宾语

　及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：

　We brought themsome food

　主 谓 间宾 直宾

　间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。

　宾补

　在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语

　如:

　名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king

　形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty

　副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived

　介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home

　省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building

　带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down

　现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day

　过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken

　在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有：

　▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。

　We call himJack

　They made Li Lei their monitor

　▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。

　如：Do you think his idea wrong

　We must keep our classroom clean

　We can’t leave him alone

　▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。

　如：Let him in/ out

　Mr Li droveus home

　When got there, we found him out

　▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。

　如：We found everything in good order

　We regard him as our good friend

　He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain

　▲“宾语+不定式”

　充当宾补的不定式有三种：

　A 要求带to的不定式

　B要求不带to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等

　C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to

　▲“宾语+现在分词”

　现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。

　I saw them playing on the playground

　I heard Mary singingin the classroom

　▲“宾语+过去分词”。

　宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。

　I had my bikestolen

　The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood

　▲ 形式宾语+形容词

　We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday

　▲宾语+what从句

　Call me what you like Mr Li has made the factory what it istoday

　The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago

　定语

　▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。

　如：

　形容词作定语 The black bike is mine

　代词作定语 What’s your name

　名词作定语 They madesome paper flowers

　介词短语作定语 The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One

　从句作定语 The tall boy whois standing there is Peter

　▲修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。

　如： We’ll go to have something English

　If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else

　Do you have anything important totell me

　▲介词短语作定语时要后置。

　如：Do you know the boy behind thetree

　The students in the room are all my friends

　I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right

　▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置

　What about something to drink

　I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring

　▲near by,below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。

　如：

　We are at the topof the hill Can you see the village below

　The people downstairs are listening to a talk now

　状语

　状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。

　如：

　He did it carefully(程度状语)

　They missed me very much(程度状语)

　Without his help, we couldn’t work itout(条件状语)

　In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard(目的状语)

　When I was young, I could swim well(时间状语)

　读这些句子巧记句子成分

　The snow glows white on the mountain tonight

　皑皑白雪覆盖今夜的山

　Not a footprint to be seen

　埋藏身后我的足迹

　A kingdom of isolation

　在这孤独白色的国度

　And it looks like I'm the queen

　我就是那冰雪的女王

　The wind is howling like this swirling storm inside

　狂风呼号，内心变涌动不能平息

　Couldn't keep it in, heaven knows I've tried

　不管多努力，再也无法藏匿

　Don't let them in, don't let them see

　掩藏好自己，不许别人靠近

　Be the good girl you always have to be

　做一个好女孩，你必须一直都是

　Conceal, don't feel, don't let them know

　把真心封闭，不让人看清

　Well, now they know

　如今被看清

　Let it go, let it go

　不再躲，不再怕

　Can't hold it back anymore

　秘密已经大白于天下

　Let it go, let it go

　不管他，不害怕

　Turn away and slam the door

　告别过去不留一丝牵挂

　I don't care what they're going to say

　别人的话，何必在乎它

　Let the storm rage on

　就让狂风怒号

　My power flurries through the air into the ground

　雪花漫天飘下，这是我的魔法

　My soul is spiraling in frozen fractals all around

　冰雪旋转纷飞，是我搞错灵魂在升华

　I'm never going back, the past is in the past

　过去已是过去，是再也回不去

　Let it go, let it go

　不沉溺，不在意

　And I'll rise like the break of dawn

　如晨曦一般冉冉升起

　Let it go, let it go

　算了吧，忘了吧

　That perfect girl is gone

　别指望我回到过去

　Here I stand in the light of day

　站在这里，不再藏匿

　Let the storm rage on

　任那狂风怒号

　The cold never bothered me anyway

英语语法，句子的七大部分。

1 主语：

The sun rises in the east 主语：The sun

2 谓语：

The meeting began at nine yesterday morning 谓语 began