非谓语动词属于英语语法。英语当中主要的成分是主、谓、宾、定、状、补6个,去掉谓语的剩下的统称为非谓语,非谓语最常见的叫做动词作非谓语,还有一种说法叫非谓语动词,动词作谓语,我们叫be doing现在进行时,动词作非谓语的时候就是doing。
英语的句子是用动词来充当谓语这个句子成分的,不是动词就不能做谓语。例如:
This is a big house(is是动词,作谓语)
但是,也不是所有的动词都可以充当句子的谓语。比如说:
I enjoy reading English in the morning
Enjoy是谓语动词,而Reading不是谓语动词,而充当enjoy的宾语,所以叫非谓语。
非谓语分类
1、动名词,在句子中充当名词。
Riding in a car for a long time upsets my stomach长时间坐车让我的胃很不爽。
Apple upsets my stomach苹果让我的胃很不爽。
例句中,Riding in a car for a long time和apple都是句子的主语,名词性质。
2、分词短语,在句子中充当形容词或副词的角色。
分词短语做形容词,可以在写作中和定语从句进行替换。
Bob is the man wearing the black shirt(分词短语)
Bob is the man who is wearing the black shirt(定语从句))
分词短语做副词,可以在写作中和状语从句进行替换。
Listening to the lecture, the student fell asleep(分词短语)
While he was listening to the lecture, the student fell asleep(状语从句)
3、不定式to do。
To become a better student is everyone’s life goal
不定式做形容词,修饰短语前面的名词。
不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词,有to do(动词不定式) / -ing (现在分词 / 动名词) / -ed (过去分词) 三个形式。由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制,故也称为"非限定动词"。他表示时态和语态的变化。
一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分:
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语
这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理,即非谓语成分时怎么处理。
1主语:
首先,"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名词性,"-ed "不具备名词性。也就是说,"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主语,例如:
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing (= It is not an easy thing to learn English)
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing
问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别,因此不是语法考试的重点
一般讲,"to do"较具体的行为或状态,"-ing"表示较笼统的概念,如"学习外语对我来说并非易事"一般用"to do"来表达:To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing for me (或:It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language)
从应试角度讲,只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了:
It is no use (或good) + ing结构,例如:
It is no use quarreling with her (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her)
There is no + ing 结构,例如:
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today(不可否认,在当今世界上,妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。)
There is no joking about this matter (这事开不得玩笑。)
2宾语
如上所述,非谓语动词"to do"或"-ing"当主语时,没有特别的语法要求。但是,当宾语时,就有一个用"to do"还是"-ing"的问题。大家还记得这个规定吗?如果忘了,请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第三句型"。这是考试的一个重点。在以往的职称考试中,此项一般要占2-3道题目。
关于非谓语动词做宾语补足语的问题,请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第五句型"。
3定语
也就是做名词的修饰语。只要牢记本讲"非谓语动词的时态和语态意义"一节中的内容,就不难理解非谓语动词做定语的问题。非谓语动词做定语,本质上是"定语从句",例如:
Where is the house built last year
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那栋房子哪儿去了?)
Do you see the house being built there
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there(看见那边那栋正在建造的房子了吗?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm(下月要建造的那栋房子将是我们的宿舍。)
也就是说,只要把握好"时间状语"和"语态(先行词与动词的关系)",非谓语动词做定语的考试选项比较容易,出题几率也比较低。
有人可能会问:
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written两个句子中的黑体部分都是做"letter"的定语,为什么一个用主动,另一个用被动语态。一般来说,当动词(write)的行为者就是句子的主语(I)时,用主动语态。因此,这两个句子的内涵是有些区别的。但由于考试形式的局限性,一般不会考这种区别的。
4状语
非谓语动词做状语是这一讲的重点,也是考试的重点。大家还记得"句子的连接"一讲中说过的"逗号不能连接两个句子"这句话和所举的例子吗?
错:He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening(逗号不能连接两个句子)
对:Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening(使用连接词)
对:Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening(使用非谓语动词形式)
如果:His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening 该怎么改呢?
道理是一样的:
His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening
也就是说,非谓语动词也要有"行为的主体",称为"主格";如果"非谓语动词的行为的主体"与句子的主语不一致,要保留其行为主体(如上句中的"his child"),这种结构称为"(分词)独立主格结构"。
那么,什么情况用"to do" 、"-ing" 或 "-ed "呢?注意以下两点:
(1) 要符合下表的基本要求。
to do -ing -ed
主动 被动 主动 被动 被动
将来时 to do to be done
现在时 doing (sth) being done
过去时 to have done to have been done -ed
(2) 要注意以下基本用法和思路
前置(即放在句子的前面):
形式 功能 辨别要点
To (或In order to) do sth, + 句子
目的:"为了…"
(关于做"独立成分",见下文"后置")
1) 与句子间有","隔开;
2) 一定解释为"为了…"
3) 如果没有",",可能是句子的主语,不要混淆
-ing /-ed ,+ 句子 1) 时间状语:"当…时候"
2) 原因状语:"由于…"
3) 条件状语:"如果…"
1) 与句子间一般有","隔开;
2) 如果没有",",可能是"动名词"当句子的主语,不要混淆
显然,"to do"做状语形式和意义比较单一,难点是如何区分-ing 和-ed 形式。
下面每个例子说明一条规则,注意理解和记忆(重点不要去区分作什么状语,也不要刻意去翻译句子的意思,重点注意形式的转换和规律):
1) When she heard the noise, she went out to see what was happening
Hearing the noise, she went out to see what was happening
规则:当句子的主语(she)与 (非谓语) 动词构成主动语态时,只要将实义动词(heard)恢复原形 (hear),后面加ing即可
2) When (或 If) the substance is heated to over 200℃, it will give off a poisonous gas
Heated to 200 over 200℃, it (= the substance) will give off a poisonous gas
规则:当句子的主语(it = the substance)与 (非谓语) 动词构成被动语态时,去掉be动词,只保留动词的-ed形式(heated)即可
3) As he did not want to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment
Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment
规则:非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前面(不是后面)加not构成;其他变化按照例1)或例2)规定
4) As she has lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently
Having lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently
As they had not finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play
Not having finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play
规则:当句子中出现1)"for + 时间"状语,或2)当一个行为必须在另一个行为结束后才能开始的情况下,应该用"完成式",否定词 "not" 要放在"having"的前面,即"Not having…"
提示:当你在考试时分不清是否要用"完成式"时,应倾向于选择有"完成式"的选项。
5) If weather permits, we'll go out for a picnic tomorrow
Weather permitting, we'll go out for a picnic tomorrow
When all necessary data had been collected, they began the experiment
All necessary data having been collected, they began the experiment
(注:这个句子也可以写成:All necessary data collected, they began the experiment考试时按例4)提示选题)
规则:当句子的主语与非谓语动词的主格不一致时,应使用"独立主格形式",其他变化按上述各项规定处理
后置(即放在句子的后面):
形式 功能 辨别要点
句子 + to do sth
1) 目的:"为了…"
2) 结果:"以致…"
3) 程度
4) 独立成分
要特别注意以下结构:
1) (in order) to / so as (such) to(目的)
2) (,) only to / so (such) as to(结果)
3) enough / too…to(程度)
4) 如: to tell you the truth,(独立成分)
-ing /-ed ,+ 句子 1) 说明、伴随或方式
2) 结果
分词做"后置"状语的多数为"-ing"形式,很少是"-ed"
需要说明的是:
1. 所谓"前置"和"后置"是相对的,这里这样区分一是为了便于理解,二是根据职称考试中出题的习惯,便于判题;
2. 关于功能,这里只是讲了考试中较多出现的形式和结构,对于诸如如何区分"目的"和"结果"等内容,因与解题关系不大,这里就不作具体说明了。
下面把非谓语动词中其他几个重要问题用实例说明一下:
关于"不定式"作后置状语的举例(注意黑体字部分的表达形式):
1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak (她气得连话都说不出来了。)
2) I don't know her well enough to ask her for help(我与她不太熟悉,不便请她帮忙。)
3) She was too angry to say anything(她气得什么都说不出来了。)
4) I'm only too glad to help you
注意与例3)的区别:only too与happy, pleased, glad 等词使用时,表示"非常":我非常愿意帮助你(能帮助你真是太高兴了)。
5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled (only to…表示意想不到的结果:我们在雨中等了近3个小时,结果被告知约会取消了。)
6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently(公平地说,他最近工作一直非常努力。类似的表达方式还有:
to tell the truth(说实话), to be frank(老实说),to go without saying (不用说 / 毫无疑问) 等。
关于分词做后置状语的举例 (注意括号中句子的演变过程):
1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill (她收到她兄弟发来的一份电子邮件,(邮件上)说她母亲病得很厉害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death (有些病人会发生严重感染,导致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death)
3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager (客人在经理陪同下走进办公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager)
关于"动词不定式"的补充说明:
1) 前面讲到:"动词不定式"的完成式表示过去时,它常在以下句型中出现:
(主语)+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主语)+ seem to have (been) done
(主语)+ be likely to have (been) done
当考试时看到这样的句型出现,首先要考虑是否是"动词不定式"的完成式
2) 注意"动词不定式" to与介词to的区别,即:是to + 动词,还是to + 名词或动名词(-ing)。"第二讲 五个基本句型"中已经提到:object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介词。
当考试时看到这样的表达方式出现,首先要考虑选择-ing形式(一般不会给纯名词形式)
关于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
1)on + ing 形式:一般将介词on + -ing形式理解为"分词"(要有行为主体)而不是"动名词",意为 "当…时","一…就…",相当于when 或as soon as,例如:
On hearing the news, she burst into tears (一听到这个消息,她一下子哭了起来。)
错:On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily (一到北京,就开始下起大雨来了。)
由于句子的主语it并不是arriving的行为主体,该句语法不成立。可以改为:
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily
2) with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
She fell asleep with the lamp burning (她开着灯谁着了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat(孩子们几乎每天回家时手上脸上都是泥和汗。)
当这样的独立主格结构中的动词为 "be" 动词时,往往省略,例如:
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm (每天,这位老教师夹着个破包走进教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
关于-ing和-ed形容词
当一个动词后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一个形容词,其基本概念还是-ing为主动语态,-ed为被动语态,例如:a sleeping child (一个正在睡觉的孩子),a wounded soldier (一个受伤的战士) 。
一些带有感情色彩的动词,由于人的感情是"被刺激"后产生的,故一般用-ed形式,而外界的刺激物则用-ing形式,例如:I was moved deeply; the film was really moving (我深受感动;这部**真是感人。)
the + 形容词(包括-ed形容词)→ 名词(可以是单数,也可以是复数), 例如:
the wounded (伤员)/ the disabled(残疾人)
关于现在分词和动名词
如前所述,现代语法并不强调现在分词和动名词的区别,建议学生"忘掉"动名词,特别是应试。但记住下面的规定:
She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young (她后悔年轻时无所事事。)
A to have been
B her being
C her having being
D having been
解题思路:1)regret后一般接ing形式,除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能选;2)当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时,不要再加逻辑主语了,故正确答案为D,比较:Tom insisted on my going with him (Tom坚持要我和他一起去。)
非谓语动词讲了这么多内容,解题时始终不忘:
1) 分清过去、现在和将来;
2) 分清主动与被动;
3) 动词不定式的完成式表示过去时;
4) 见"for"要用完成式;
5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面
有逗号就是作状语,基本上没错。
因为在都好前面的分句里面的第一个词,是类似于after before since 这样的连词,这样的话前面的句子就不再是非谓语结构了,而是从句了。伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生,它的特点是,它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的
简单的英语句式是主语-谓语-宾语。常见形式是非谓语动词,是对谓语的补充说明。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词以及分词三种形式。
为了区分这三种非谓语动词的用法,我们从它们在句子或者特殊句型中充当的不
同成分以及用法等角度来具体比较它们的用法。
不定式、动名词及分词做表语的区别:
不定式做表语
1)不定式做表语一般表示具体动作,尤其是用来表示将来的动作To do two things at a time is to do neither(一次做两件事情就等于没有。)
My job is to drive them to the company every day(我的工作是每天把他们载到公司。)
主语和表语都是不定式时,其一表示条件,其二表示结果
To see (表示条件)is to believe (表示结果)(百闻不如一见。)
To be kind to the enemy(表示条件) is to be cruel to the people(表示结果)(对敌人仁慈就是对自己残忍。)
当主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea,problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式做表语对主语起补
充说明的作用
My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter(我的主要任务是指出事件中的难点所在。)
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future(他的希望是在不久的将来买一辆豪华轿车。)
2 动名词做表语
1)动名词做表语表示抽象的一般性的动作
His hobby is collecting stamps(他的爱好是收集邮票。)
Our work is serving the people(我们的工作是为人民服务。)
2)动名词做表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但意义不同,进行时中的分词表示动作是由主语完成的,但动名词做表语是说明主语的性质或
者情况。
He is writing his homework now(他正在做家庭作业。)
He is interesting(他很风趣。)
3 分词做表语
1)分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词
,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到
激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是
somebody is interested in……,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb/sth is interesting
2)常见的词语举例
interesting使人感到高兴interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的delighted感到高兴的 pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的
不定式和动名词做主语的区别:
(1) 动名(2) 词做主语表示抽象动作,而(3) 不(4) 定式做主语表示具体动作
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(5) 动名(6) 词做主语时,(7) 通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验,(8) 不(9) 定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的 Climbing
ountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验)
To climb that mountain is one of my plans this year 爬那座山是我今年的计划之一。(目的)
(3) 不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把做主语的不定式短语后置
It took me only five minutes to finish the job(完成这份工作只花了我五分钟。)
不定式和动名词做宾语的区别:
(10) 要求不(11) 定式做宾语的动词举例
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装 appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽
略,漏 care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求
hope希望 promise承诺,允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 decide决定 learn学习
(12) 要求动名(13) 词做宾语的动词举例
acknowledge承认,自认 mention说到,讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌 complete完成 appreciate 感激,欣赏 confess坦白
endure忍受 avoid避免 enjoy享有,喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒 can‘t help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避 deny否认 excuse借口
practice 实行,实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受 imagine设想 postpone延迟
,延期 risk冒险 forgive原谅 permit 允许 favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 mind 介意
(14) 有些动词后使用动名(15) 词和动词不(16) 定式作宾语的差别
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
6)try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
不定式和分词做定语的区别
不定式做定语:
1)能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同源名词可以带不定式作定语,常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish,
determination等。
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly (他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。)
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable(我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。)
2)常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语,常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well (我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。)
3)序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave(他总是第一个来最后一个离开。)The next person to attend the
meeting is Dr Baker(下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。)
还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如:person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage,
opportunity等。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island(他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。)
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty(我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。)
5)如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话,不定式动词是不及 物动词,则须加适当的介词。
I need a pen to write with (我需要一支笔。)
Please give me a knife to cat with (请给我一把切东西的刀。)
(19) 分词做定语
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-
arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作
发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?(你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?)
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?(你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?)
不定式和分词做状语的区别
(20) 现在分词和过去分词做状语的区别
现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him(他出去后将门随手关上。)
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help(由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。)
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better(如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。)
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them(在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。)
(21) 不(22) 定式和分词做状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you‘ll learn something new只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
非谓语动词虽然形式很少,最主要的只有这三种,但是在英语中的运用非常的广泛,也非常的复杂。它们是高中英语学习中的一个重点,也是一个基
础,所以说,牢牢掌握非谓语动词在不同的用法是学好英语非常关键的一步。比较了非谓语动词在用法上的不同就是为了促使我们更好的了解非谓语
动词,从而使我们的英语学习更加畅通无阻
非谓语动词前置成分如下:
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、分词。下面来介绍一下各种非谓语动词在句子中的成份:
一、动词不定式:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语(宾语补足语、主语补足语)。
二、动名词:主语、宾语、表语、定语。(具有名词特性)。
三、分语:定语、表语、状语、补足语(宾语补足语、主语补足语)。
to advertise是动词不定式作宾语
上面这句中的to do可以理解为宾语,但不可以理解为与decide共同构成的谓语
“非谓语动词在句中不能单独充当谓语,但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语”,这只是非谓语动词用法中的一小部分如:
I'm going现在分词(非谓语动词中的一种)going与助动词am一起构成谓语
She has done it already过去分词(非谓语动词中的一种)done与助动词has一起构成谓语
The job is donedone与助动词is一起构成谓语
在更多情况下,非谓语动词与谓语毫不相干,而是充当主语、宾语、状语等其他成分如:
Seeing is believing(seeing主语,believing表语)
I suggest/advise going to the farm(going宾语)
I advise you to go to the farm(to go宾语补足语)
I've come to help you(to help 目的状语)
(不过,这句话中的come也是非谓语动词,它与助动词have一起构成谓语)
一个句子只有一个谓语动词,如果还想出现动词 就需要对谓语进行改变 所以成了非谓语, 所以非谓语出了谓语的成分不可以充当其他成分都可以充当。
非谓语包含3中形式 to do ,ving ved。
vingv具有名词 形容词 和副词的词性,名词可以充当主语 宾语 表语 同位语 。形容词 可以充当定语 。副词可以充当状语。
to do 有名词 形容词 副词词性 所以可以充当主语宾语表鱼 同位语 定语 状语
ved 有形容词 副词 词性 没有名词性 所以可以做定语 状语 所以ving可以以上成分 。所以你就看他们在句子里面的位置 就是充当什么成分。
比如 playing football is happy。 此时 playing football 就在主语的位置 所以就是充当主语。
先搞清楚主句(主谓宾)的意思,再看看非谓语动词部分的意思,你就会知道该怎样联立句子的两个部分了。他一般做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
1、不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job
2、不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
3、它还能作定语。
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
4、它能作状语,表伴随,有时表时间条件结果原因目的等。重点你要搞清楚,逻辑主语跟该动词的关系是被动还是主动,你才能搞清楚他们的关系、
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
5.非谓语动词常考的其它结构
(1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:
When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)
注)A有时疑问词前可用介词,如:
I have no idea of how to do it我不知道如何做此事。
B动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式:
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen
(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet
(3)不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:
feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue
2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如:
Let him do it让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如:
Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
6、非谓语动词中的有关句型
(1)动名词作主语的句型
1)Doing+ v Reading is an art阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore)等名词+doing sth
It is no use crying哭没有用。It is no good objecting反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car.开这种小车是浪费。
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