plan的现在分词是planning。
plan英语音标:英 [plæn] 美 [plæn]。作名词的意思:计划;打算;平面图;示意图。作动词的意思:计划;打算;设计。时态现在分词:planning 过去式:planned 过去分词:planned。
plan for 为…作计划、in plan 作为平面图、plan to vt计划,期望、plan on 预计,计划,确定,期待、plan of application plan 申请计划、Barth plan 巴斯计划、basic plan 底图、checkrow plan 方形播种设计。
The research about the method of network planning is another emphasis of the paper快速路系统线网规划方法的研究是论文的另一个重点。
The skill of planning can't be underestimated, and neither can estimating!计划的能力不可被低估,也不可被估量。
We are planning out an English-Chinese Dictionary我们正准备编一部英汉词典。
欢迎来到我的解答中心٩(๑❛ᴗ❛๑)۶,plan to do带有更明确的计划性,表示确切打算做某事,而plan on doing更倾向于用于表达尚未确定的计划或是某种愿望。这里就给大家总结了一个它们基础知识的表格,可以先简单了解一下先:
了解完它们的基础知识后,现在就来看看它们的具体区别吧ლ(・∀・ )ლ
1、明确性不同
plan to do带有更明确的计划性,表示确切打算做某事,而plan on doing更倾向于用于表达尚未确定的计划或是某种愿望。
例句:
①I plan to go shopping this weekend 我计划这个周末去购物。
②I am planning on traveling next month, but nothing is set in stone yet 我打算下个月旅行,但还没确定。
2、完成度不同
plan to do通常用于表示计划完全实施的事情,而plan on doing更强调过程,可能只做了计划的一部分,或者计划可能随时会变。
例句:
①I plan to finish all the work today 我计划今天完成所有的工作。
②I am planning on starting a new project but I’m not sure about the details yet 我计划启动一个新项目,但我还不确定细节。
3、语气不同
plan to do的语气相对正式和正式,而plan on doing则更加口语化和非正式。
例句:
①She plans to apply for a Master's program in Engineering 她打算申请工程学硕士课程。
②We are planning on having a picnic, if the weather is good 如果天气好,我们打算去野餐。
摘 要:作为一种独特的语言变体,儿童语言有着自身独特的表现形式。文学作品中,英语的儿童语言通过词汇、语法、句法变异等手段来体现,而汉语则主要通过词汇变异来显示其差异。两者之间的不对等给英语儿童语言的汉译带来了很大的困难。本文旨在通过对《哈克贝里・芬历险记》两种译文的比较来探讨英语儿童语言的汉译方法。
关键词:儿童语言 文学作品翻译
一、英语儿童语言的特征
卡特福德(J・C・Catford)在他的《翻译的语言学》一书中指出:“全部语言”(whole language)概念下有一个“亚语言”(sub-language)的概念,而亚语言指的就是全部语言中的各种变体。“一种语言变体就是与一种特定类型的社会环境特征有关的形式和(或)实体特征的子集。”卡特福德进一步指出,语言的各个层面上都可以显示出特定变体的特征:语音、音位、图形、语法以及词汇层面;各语言除了有一些共同特征(如语法、词汇、音位形式)外,还具有自己的特色。
儿童语言也属于语言变体的一种,有着自身独特的表现形式。英语文学作品中,儿童语言主要通过语音、词汇、语法等变异手段来体现,其中极品莫过文学巨匠马克・吐温的《哈克贝里・芬历险记》。
海明威曾说:“所有的现代美国文学,都起自马克・吐温的一本叫做《哈克贝里・芬历险记》的书……这是我们中间最好的一本书。”该作用生动地道的口语和方言描绘19世纪中期内战前的真实的美国:白人小孩哈克为了躲避父亲的毒打,黑奴吉姆则想摆脱被女主人卖掉的厄运,两人在逃亡路上不期而遇,于是结伴乘木筏顺密西西比河而下,奔向北部的自由洲,并结下了深刻的友谊。
这部小说一大突出特点是以哈克的口吻来叙述。在哈克童言童语的讲述中,故事栩栩如生,活灵活现,读者仿佛置身其中。在作者匠心独运的雕琢下,小哈克的语言真实生动,充满童趣。其特征大致概括如下:
1.词汇特征
哈克使用的词汇大部分出自本族词盎格鲁撒克逊语,这些词的特点是短小、具体,而且效果直接,另外,哈克的语言中还频繁出现口头短语,充分展现其口语化特征。再有,哈克词汇量很有限,往往出现短短一段话中重复使用某词的现象。
例(1):
She said she wouldn’t let me go by myself, but her husband would be in by and by, maybe in an hour and a half, and she’d send him along with me Then he got to talking about his husband, and about her relations up the river, and her relations down the river, and about how much better off they used to was, and how they didn’t know but they’d made a mistake coming to our town, instead of letting well alone―and so on and so on, till I was afeard of I had made a mistake coming to her to find out what was going on in the town; but by and by she dropped on to pap and the murder, and then I was pretty willing to let her clatter right along She told about me and Tom Sawyer finding the twelve thousand dollars (only she got it twenty) and all about pap and what a hard lot I was, and at last she got down to where I was murdered
例(2):
I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hod, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon: then the whiskey-jug I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; I took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skilled coffee-pot I took fish-lines and matches and other things, everything that was worth a cent I cleaned out the place I wanted an ax, but there wasn’t any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that I fetched out the gun and now I was done
2.语法特征
小哈克所犯下的语法错误可谓数不胜数,俯拾即是。其语法错误主要表现为:双重否定表示否定、不区分单复数、不规则词尾变化、主谓不符等。
例(1):
I never said nothing, because I warn’t expecting nothing different; but I knowed mighty well that whenever he got his plan ready it wouldn’t have none of them objections to it
例(2):
Well, early one morning we hid a raft in a good safe place about two mile below a little bit of a shabby village, named Pikesville…
例(3):
So I started for town in the wagon, and when I was halfway I see(=saw) a wagon coming , and sure enough it was Tom Sawyer, and I stopped and waited till he come(=came) along I says(=said) “Hold on!” and it stopped alongside…
例(4):
In the morning we was up at break of day, and down to the nigger cabins to pet the dogs and make friends with the nigger that fed Jim ―if it was Jim that was fed The nigger was just getting through breakfast and starting for the fields; and Jim’s nigger was piling up a tin pan with bread and meat and things: and whilst the others was leaving, the key come from the house
3. 句法特征
鉴于哈克语言口语化特征鲜明,其句子短小,结构简单,最常见的是包括一个主谓结构的简单句,及用and, but,then 或分号连接的并列句,偶尔出现复合句。
例(1):
It made me shiver And I about made my mind to pray, and see if I couldn’t try to quit being the kind of boy I was and be better So I kneeled down But the words wouldn’t come Why wouldn’t they It warn’t no use to try and hide it from him Nor from me , neither I knowed very why they wouldn’t come It was because my heart warn’t right; it was because I warn’t square; it was because I was playing double I was letting on to give up sin, but away inside of me I was holding on to the biggest one of all I was trying to make my mouth say I would do the right thing and the clean thing, and go right to the nigger’s owner and tell where he was; but deep down in me I knowed it was a lie, and he knowed it You cannot pray a lie―I found that out
二、英语儿童语言的汉译
文学作品中,英语的儿童语言通过语音、词汇、语法变异等手段来体现,而汉语则主要通过词汇变异来显示其差异。两者之间的不平衡性给英语文学作品中的儿童语言的汉译带来了很大的困难。下面以《哈克》为例,来探讨英汉文学作品翻译中儿童语言汉译的处理方式。本文比较的是张万里和许汝祉所译的两种版本。
例1:I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hod, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon: then the whiskey-jug I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I took the bucket and gourd; I took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old saw and two blankets, and the skilled coffee-pot I took fish-lines and matches and other things, everything that was worth a cent I cleaned out the place I wanted an ax, but there wasn’t any, only the one out at the woodpile, and I knowed why I was going to leave that I fetched out the gun and now I was done
这段文字是哈克描述自己出逃前的准备活动。哈克被道格拉斯夫人收养后,被逼进校读书,侥幸认识几个字,但他厌恶上学,经常逃学上课,在所选的这段叙述中,可以看出哈克的语言特色在词汇和语法层面都有所反映。
下面让我们来看以下这段文字的汉译:
张译:我把那口袋玉米面背到藏独木船的地点,拨开藤萝和树枝,把他放在小船上。我又把那腌好的半支咸猪扛来,然后再抱那个酒瓶;我把所有的咖啡和白糖都拿来了,还加上所有的弹药:我拿了塞弹药的东西,还有水桶和水瓢;拿了一把勺子和一个洋铁杯,我那把旧锯和两条毯子,还有平底锅和咖啡壶。我还拿了鱼丝和火柴,和许多别的东西――凡是有点用处的东西都拿来了。我把那个地方给搬空了。我需要一把斧子,可屋里没有,只有外面劈柴堆那里放着的那把,但是我要把它留下是有缘故的。我把枪也拿来,现在我算是预备好了。
许译:我拿了那袋玉米粉,拿到藏那只独木舟的地方,拨开了藤萝枝桠,放到了小舟上。接着把那块腌肉和威士忌酒瓶放到了小舟上。还拿走了所有的咖啡和糖,还有所有的火药,也全部带走。我还带走了塞炸药的填料,还有水桶和水瓢。还有一只勺子和一只洋铁杯子。还有我那把锯子和两条毛毯。还有平底锅和咖啡壶。我还带走了钓鱼竿、火柴和诸如此类的东西――凡是值一分钱以上的东西,一股脑带走。我把那个地方都给搬空了。我需要一把斧子,不过没有多的了,只有柴堆那边唯一的一把了。我懂得为什么把这个留下来。我找出了那杆枪。这样,我此时此刻,一切都搞定了。
让我们看一下译文中对于这些语言特色的处理。首先,在词汇层面上:哈克使用的词汇,除了源自法语的ammunition之外,大部分都出自本族盎格鲁撒克逊语。这些词汇短小、具体、而效果直接,在短短一段文字中,重复七次使用took一词,表明哈克的词汇很少,无法变换自己的词汇来描述自己的行为。也许哈克也意识到了这一点,因而在最后一句话中使用了fetch一词,但因不常使用该词,哈克对其用法并不了解。Fetch 本身是及物动词,他却在后面加了out,这显示了小哈克急于向读者展示他的学识,但又弄巧成拙,充分体现出他的童趣。
张译对这些词汇变异采用汉语的口语词来处理,如把canoe译成“小船”或“独木船”,把 wadding译成“塞弹药的东西”。许译也是采用词汇手段来反映原文的词汇特色,如“值一分钱以上的东西”、“一股脑”都具有显著的口语化特色。对于 took的重复使用,两种译文都采用了相应的重复手段,比如两文都使用了好几个“拿”、“还”等词,在词汇层面达到了统一。张译除使用“拿”、“还”之外,还使用了一些其他动词,如“背”、“扛”和“抱”,这在某种程度上增加了译文的可读性,但似乎与作者重复使用took来表现词汇缺乏这一创作目的相背离。相比较之下,许译特意重复使用“拿”、“带”等词汇,充分体现作者这一创作目的,因而更加忠实于原文风貌。但是笔者以为,两篇译文在处理词汇时还有不当之处。如张译中把I knowed why I was going to leave that译成“但是我要把它留下是有缘故的”,而“缘故”一词在汉语中属书面语体,较为正式,很难想象会出自一个受过很少教育的孩子之口,这种译法也抹煞了哈克的童趣。许译采用懂得一词,虽比张译口语化一些,但是哈克的天真味道在译文中仍没有体现。张译还把Now I was done 译成“现在我算是预备好了”。 I was done在英语当中是极为口语化的表达方式,而“预备好了”在中文中就属于正式语体了,因而与原文风格不符;许汝祉将其译为“一切都搞定了”,无论是在语体上还是在体现哈克的语言风格上都达到了与原文的对等。但是许汝祉却把哈克口中的now译成文绉绉的四字短语“此时此刻”,反而不如张译中的直译“现在”,这似乎又与他自己的翻译原则相背离。
其次,在语法层面上,句中不合语法的成分进一步展示了哈克受教育的程度,如把I did the same 说成I done the same。两位译者也只是把它们当作正常的语法来翻译。这是因为汉语中的动词并无形态之分,找不到相应的变体的表现形式。
再次,在句法层次上,大部分句子都是由一系列的then, and以及分号充当连接词连接的简单句或并列句。两种译文对于句法上的变异是通过重复使用连接词“还”来处理的。对于像I took all the sugar and coffee there was这种句法变异,译者也未采取任何特殊的处理手段,分别直译成“我把咖啡和糖都拿来了”和“还拿走了所有的咖啡和糖”,两者在意义上并无差别。但是笔者以为,对于句法结构上的变异,译者还可以在译文的词汇上作些改变,来体现原文的这种变化,窃译为“所有的咖啡和糖我都没有放过”。
哈克的语言除了具有鲜明的口语化色彩外,还充满了童趣,这就要求译者在翻译时,当多多加入一些具有儿童色彩的表达方式,以求读者能够了解到哈克的天真与机智。
三、小结
文学作品中的儿童语言,英语通过词汇、语法、句法变异来刻画童心童趣,而汉语则主要通过词汇变异来实现,这种表达方式上的不对等,给儿童语言的翻译带来了很大的困难。由以上对哈克语言翻译的分析可以看出,儿童语言的翻译不可能是形式上的对等,也不可能做到形式上的对等,只能是在吃透原文的基础上,充分发挥汉语词汇的特点,采取灵活变通的手段,尽量重现儿童的天真可爱,在风格上达到与原作的“神似”,也就是奈达所提出的“译文在译语读者中产生的效果应等同于原文在原文读者中产生的效果”。当然,完全的对等是无法实现的,译者所能做的是增大这种对等的程度。
参考文献:
[1]Catford, J・C A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M] London: Oxford University Press 1965
[2]廖七一等 当代英国翻译理论[M] 武汉: 湖北教育出版社, 2001
[3]张万里译 哈克贝里・ 芬历险记[M] 上海: 上海译文出版社, 1979
[4]许汝祉译 赫克儿贝里・芬历险记[M] 南京: 译林出版社, 1998
[5]常耀信 美国文学史[M] 天津: 南开大学出版社, 1990
[6]姚全兴 儿童文艺心理学[M] 重庆: 重庆出版社, 1990
[7]张之伟 中国现代儿童文学史稿[M] 华东师范大学出版社, 1993
[8]郭建中 文化与翻译[M] 北京:中国对外翻译出版社, 2000
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