《自然》（20220414出版）一周论文导读

编译 | 未玖

Nature , 14 April 2022, VOL 604, ISSUE 7905

《自然》 2022年4月14日，第604卷，7905期

天文学 Astronomy

A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn

在宇宙黎明时分，星系由尘埃致密体过渡到类星体

作者：S Fujimoto, G B Brammer, D Watson, G E Magdis, V Kokorev, T R Greve, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04454-1

摘要：

自从发现发光类星体在宇宙大爆炸后仅存在7亿年以来，了解超大质量黑洞在早期宇宙中如何形成和生长已成为一个重大难题。

理论模拟显示了一种进化序列，尘埃红移的类星体从严重尘埃遮蔽的星暴星系中出现，然后通过释放气体和尘埃过渡到无遮蔽的发光类星体。尽管最后一个阶段的红移已被确定为76，但由于它们在光学和近红外波长上的微弱性，目前尚未发现具有类似红移的过渡类星体。

研究组报道了一个紫外致密天体GNz7q的观测结果，它与一个红移为71899   00005、尘埃掩蔽的星暴有关。

在该时期，宿主星系的尘埃辐射比任何其他已知物体都要明亮，在480秒差距的中心半径范围内，每年形成1600个太阳质量的恒星。在深部、高分辨率成像和无狭缝光谱中，可识别出一个远紫外的红点源。

GNz7q在X射线中非常微弱，这表明在尘埃星暴核心出现了一个独特的紫外致密恒星形成区或一个康普顿厚、超过爱丁顿极限的黑洞吸积盘。在后一种情况下，观测到的性质与宇宙学模拟的预测一致，并表明GNz7q是晚期无遮蔽发光类星体的祖先。

Abstract：

Understanding how super-massive black holes form and grow in the early Universe has become a major challenge since it was discovered that luminous quasars existed only 700 million years after the Big Bang Simulations indicate an evolutionary sequence of dust-reddened quasars emerging from heavily dust-obscured starbursts that then transition to unobscured luminous quasars by expelling gas and dust Although the last phase has been identified out to a redshift of 76, a transitioning quasar has not been found at similar redshifts owing to their faintness at optical and near-infrared wavelengths Here we report observations of an ultraviolet compact object, GNz7q, associated with a dust-enshrouded starburst at a redshift of 71899   00005 The host galaxy is more luminous in dust emission than any other known object at this epoch, forming 1,600 solar masses of stars per year within a central radius of 480 parsec A red point source in the far-ultraviolet is identified in deep, high-resolution imaging and slitless spectroscopy GNz7q is extremely faint in X-rays, which indicates the emergence of a uniquely ultraviolet compact star-forming region or a Compton-thick super-Eddington black-hole accretion disk at the dusty starburst core In the latter case, the observed properties are consistent with predictions from cosmological simulations and suggest that GNz7q is an antecedent to unobscured luminous quasars at later epochs

物理学 Physics

Intelligent infrared sensing enabled by tunable moiré quantum geometry

可调谐莫尔量子几何实现智能红外传感

作者：Chao Ma, Shaofan Yuan, Patrick Cheung, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Fan Zhang, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04548-w

摘要：

众所周知，固体中布洛赫波函数的量子几何性质，即贝里曲率和量子度量，显著影响着电子的基态和激发态行为。

体光伏效应（BPVE）是一种依赖于激发光偏振的非线性现象，在很大程度上取决于光学跃迁中的量子几何特性。红外BPVE尚未在石墨烯或莫尔体系等新兴平台中观察到，尽管这些平台已报道过与量子几何有关的激发强关联现象。

研究组报道了在扭曲双双层石墨烯（TDBG）中观察到5 µm和77 µm处可调谐中红外BPVE，由莫尔诱导的强对称性破缺和量子几何贡献产生。光响应在很大程度上取决于激发光的偏振态，且可通过外部电场进行高度调谐。

这种量子几何特性的广泛可调性使研究组能够使用卷积神经网络同时实现全斯托克斯偏振测量和波长检测，仅使用一个亚波长足迹仅为3  3  µm2的TDBG器件 。

该研究工作不仅揭示了莫尔工程量子几何在可调谐非线性光-物质相互作用中的独特作用，还以极其紧凑的芯片方式为未来智能传感技术开辟了新途径。

Abstract：

Quantum geometric properties of Bloch wave functions in solids, that is, Berry curvature and the quantum metric, are known to significantly influence the ground- and excited-state behaviour of electrons The bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), a nonlinear phenomenon depending on the polarization of excitation light, is largely governed by the quantum geometric properties in optical transitions Infrared BPVE has yet to be observed in graphene or moiré systems, although exciting strongly correlated phenomena related to quantum geometry have been reported in this emergent platform Here we report the observation of tunable mid-infrared BPVE at 5 µm and 77 µm in twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG), arising from the moiré-induced strong symmetry breaking and quantum geometric contribution The photoresponse depends substantially on the polarization state of the excitation light and is highly tunable by external electric fields This wide tunability in quantum geometric properties enables us to use a convolutional neural network to achieve full-Stokes polarimetry together with wavelength detection simultaneously, using only one single TDBG device with a subwavelength footprint of merely 3   3 µm2 Our work not only reveals the unique role of moiré engineered quantum geometry in tunable nonlinear light–matter interactions but also identifies a pathway for future intelligent sensing technologies in an extremely compact, on-chip manner

材料科学 Materials Science

Uniting tensile ductility with ultrahigh strength via composition undulation

通过成分起伏同时实现拉伸塑性与超高强度

作者：Heng Li, Hongxiang Zong, Suzhi Li, Shenbao Jin, Yan Chen, Matthew J Cabral, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04459-w

摘要：

具有纳米晶粒的金属有接近2 GPa的超高强度。然而，这种极端的晶界强化导致几乎所有拉伸塑性的丧失，即使当金属具有面心立方结构（所有晶体结构中塑性最强的结构）时亦如此。

研究组证明了纳米晶镍-钴固溶体虽仍是面心立方单相，但其拉伸强度约为23  GPa，塑性断裂伸长率约为16 %。

这种不寻常的拉伸强度和塑性的结合是通过高浓度固溶体中的成分起伏实现的。这种起伏使得层错能和晶格应变在1-10纳米的尺度范围内发生空间变化，从而显著影响了位错运动。

尽管纳米晶粒内部空间非常有限，但位错运动变得缓慢，促进了它们的交互作用、联锁和增殖。因此，流动应力增加，同时位错储存增加，从而提升了应变硬化能力，提高了塑性。

同时，沿位错线的分段脱捕需要较小的激活体积，因此应变速率敏感性增加，这也稳定了拉伸流动。因此，抗位错传播的起伏结构提供了一种强化机制，可在高流动应力下保持拉伸塑性。

Abstract：

Metals with nanocrystalline grains have ultrahigh strengths approaching two gigapascals However, such extreme grain-boundary strengthening results in the loss of almost all tensile ductility, even when the metal has a face-centred-cubic structure—the most ductile of all crystal structures Here we demonstrate that nanocrystalline nickel–cobalt solid solutions, although still a face-centred-cubic single phase, show tensile strengths of about 23 gigapascals with a respectable ductility of about 16 per cent elongation to failure This unusual combination of tensile strength and ductility is achieved by compositional undulation in a highly concentrated solid solution The undulation renders the stacking fault energy and the lattice strains spatially varying over length scales in the range of one to ten nanometres, such that the motion of dislocations is thus significantly affected The motion of dislocations becomes sluggish, promoting their interaction, interlocking and accumulation, despite the severely limited space inside the nanocrystalline grains As a result, the flow stress is increased, and the dislocation storage is promoted at the same time, which increases the strain hardening and hence the ductility Meanwhile, the segment detrapping along the dislocation line entails a small activation volume and hence an increased strain-rate sensitivity, which also stabilizes the tensile flow As such, an undulating landscape resisting dislocation propagation provides a strengthening mechanism that preserves tensile ductility at high flow stresses

Perovskite–organic tandem solar cells with indium oxide interconnect

钙钛矿-氧化铟互连有机串联太阳能电池

作者：K O Brinkmann, T Becker, F Zimmermann, C Kreusel, T Gahlmann, M Theisen, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04455-0

摘要：

多结太阳能电池可以克服单结器件的基本效率限制。金属卤化物钙钛矿型太阳能电池的带隙可调性使其在多结结构中具有吸引力。硅和铜铟硒化镓（CIGS）以及全钙钛矿串联电池的组合已有报道。与此同时，窄间隙非富勒烯受体为有机太阳能电池带来了快速提升的效率。

有机和钙钛矿半导体是一种很有吸引力的组合，具有相似的加工技术。目前，钙钛矿-有机串联电池的效率低于标准，并且受到宽间隙钙钛矿电池的低开路电压（Voc）和子电池之间互连引入损耗的限制。

研究组展示了钙钛矿-有机串联电池的效率为240%（认证为231%），Voc高达215 伏特。优化的电荷提取层使钙钛矿子电池具有高Voc和填充因子的出色组合。

该串联电池的有机子电池在近红外下提供了高外部量子效率，与对非富勒烯电池有限光稳定性的典型担忧相反，如果激子主要在非富勒烯受体上产生，则表现出出色的操作稳定性。子电池由一层超薄（约15纳米）类金属氧化铟层连接，具有前所未有的低光/电损耗。

这项工作为钙钛矿-有机串联电池竖了一座里程碑，它优于最好的p–i–n钙钛矿单结，并与钙钛矿-CIGS和所有钙钛矿多结相媲美。

Abstract：

Multijunction solar cells can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices The bandgap tunability of metal halide perovskite solar cells renders them attractive for multijunction architectures Combinations with silicon and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as all-perovskite tandem cells, have been reported Meanwhile, narrow-gap non-fullerene acceptors have unlocked skyrocketing efficiencies for organic solar cells Organic and perovskite semiconductors are an attractive combination, sharing similar processing technologies Currently, perovskite–organic tandems show subpar efficiencies and are limited by the low open-circuit voltage (Voc) of wide-gap perovskite cells and losses introduced by the interconnect between the subcells Here we demonstrate perovskite–organic tandem cells with an efficiency of 240 per cent (certified 231 per cent) and a high Voc of 215 volts Optimized charge extraction layers afford perovskite subcells with an outstanding combination of high Voc and fill factor The organic subcells provide a high external quantum efficiency in the near-infrared and, in contrast to paradigmatic concerns about limited photostability of non-fullerene cells, show an outstanding operational stability if excitons are predominantly generated on the non-fullerene acceptor, which is the case in our tandems The subcells are connected by an ultrathin (approximately 15 nanometres) metal-like indium oxide layer with unprecedented low optical/electrical losses This work sets a milestone for perovskite–organic tandems, which outperform the best p–i–n perovskite single junctions and are on a par with perovskite–CIGS and all-perovskite multijunctions

机械工程 Mechanical Engineering

Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%

科学家实现40%的热光伏效率

作者：Alina LaPotin, Kevin L Schulte, Myles A Steiner, Kyle Buznitsky, Colin C Kelsall, Daniel J Friedman, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04473-y

摘要：

热光伏（TPV）主要通过光伏效应将红外波长的光转换为电能，可使用比目前普遍存在于电力生产中的涡轮机更高温度的热源进行能量存储和转换。

自从在2000 下使用集成背表面反射器和钨发射极首次展示29%的高效TPV以来，TPV的制造和性能得到了改善。然而，尽管预测TPV的效率可能超过50%，但在温度低于1300 下，实际效率仍仅为32%。

研究组报道了效率超过40%的TPV电池的制造和测量，并通过实验证明了高带隙串联TPV电池的效率。TPV电池是由带隙在10-14 eV的III–V材料组成的双结器件，针对1900-2400 的发射极温度进行了优化。

电池利用带边光谱滤波的概念来获得高效率，使用高反射背表面反射器来拒绝不可用的子带隙辐射返回发射极。在功率密度为239 W cm –2 ，发射极温度为2400 的条件下，14/12 eV器件的最大效率为（411   1）%。在功率密度为18 W cm–2，发射极温度为2127 的条件下，12/10 eV器件的最大效率为（393   1）%。

这些电池可以集成到一个TPV系统中，用于热能电网存储，以实现可调度的可再生能源。这为热能电网存储创造了一条途径，以达到足够高的效率和足够低的成本，从而实现电网脱碳。

Abstract：

Thermophotovoltaics (TPVs) convert predominantly infrared wavelength light to electricity via the photovoltaic effect, and can enable approaches to energy storage and conversion that use higher temperature heat sources than the turbines that are ubiquitous in electricity production today Since the first demonstration of 29% efficient TPVs using an integrated back surface reflector and a tungsten emitter at 2,000  C, TPV fabrication and performance have improved However, despite predictions that TPV efficiencies can exceed 50%, the demonstrated efficiencies are still only as high as 32%, albeit at much lower temperatures below 1,300  C Here we report the fabrication and measurement of TPV cells with efficiencies of more than 40% and experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of high-bandgap tandem TPV cells The TPV cells are two-junction devices comprising III–V materials with bandgaps between 10 and 14 eV that are optimized for emitter temperatures of 1,900–2,400  C The cells exploit the concept of band-edge spectral filtering to obtain high efficiency, using highly reflective back surface reflectors to reject unusable sub-bandgap radiation back to the emitter A 14/12 eV device reached a maximum efficiency of (411   1)% operating at a power density of 239 W cm–2 and an emitter temperature of 2,400  C A 12/10 eV device reached a maximum efficiency of (393   1)% operating at a power density of 18 W cm –2 and an emitter temperature of 2,127  C These cells can be integrated into a TPV system for thermal energy grid storage to enable dispatchable renewable energy This creates a pathway for thermal energy grid storage to reach sufficiently high efficiency and sufficiently low cost to enable decarbonization of the electricity grid

地球科学 Earth Science

Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2 

实现《巴黎协定》的承诺有望将全球变暖控制在2 以下

作者：Malte Meinshausen, Jared Lewis, Christophe McGlade, Johannes Gütschow, Zebedee Nicholls, Rebecca Burdon, et al

链接：

https://wwwnaturecom/articles/s41586-022-04553-z

摘要：

在《格拉斯哥气候公约》签署前的过去五年中，154个缔约方在其国家自主贡献中提交了新的或更新的2030年减缓目标，76个缔约方提出了长期承诺。对2021联合国气候变化大会（COP26）之前承诺的量化表明，将升温控制在2 以下的可能性低于50 %。

研究组证明，如果所有有条件和无条件的承诺都得到充分和及时的执行，全球变暖可以控制在2  以下。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告中第一工作组对地球系统不确定性进行的概率表征，在全面执行的情况下，峰值升温可被限制在19-20  之间。

研究组回顾性地预测了21世纪的气候变暖，以显示2015-2021年雄心勃勃的总体目标水平如何变化。研究结果依赖于对2030年或2050年之后的限时目标外推、IPCC 15 特别报告（SR15）情景数据库的特征和承诺的全面实施情况。

对这些因素更悲观的假设将导致更高的升温预测。另一个独立的排放模型框架预测，全球升温峰值为18 ，这支持了该研究发现，即各国兑现承诺可能会将全球变暖限制在略低于2 的范围内。

若不仅要将升温控制在“略低于”，还要控制在“远低于”2  或15 ，则迫切需要制定政策和采取行动，以在本世纪中叶实现全球C O2 净零排放。

Abstract：

Over the last five years prior to the Glasgow Climate Pact, 154 Parties have submitted new or updated 2030 mitigation goals in their nationally determined contributions and 76 have put forward longer-term pledges Quantifications of the pledges before the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) suggested a less than 50 per cent chance of keeping warming below 2 degrees Celsius Here we show that warming can be kept just below 2 degrees Celsius if all conditional and unconditional pledges are implemented in full and on time Peak warming could be limited to 19–20 degrees Celsius in the full implementation case—building on a probabilistic characterization of Earth system uncertainties in line with the Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) We retrospectively project twenty-first-century warming to show how the aggregate level of ambition changed from 2015 to 2021 Our results rely on the extrapolation of time-limited targets beyond 2030 or 2050, characteristics of the IPCC 15  C Special Report (SR15) scenario database and the full implementation of pledges More pessimistic assumptions on these factors would lead to higher temperature projections A second, independent emissions modelling framework projected peak warming of 18 degrees Celsius, supporting the finding that realized pledges could limit warming to just below 2 degrees Celsius Limiting warming not only to ‘just below’ but to ‘well below’ 2 degrees Celsius or 15 degrees Celsius urgently requires policies and actions to bring about steep emission reductions this decade, aligned with mid-century global net-zero C O2 emissions

共析钢的原始组织是珠光体，它是层片状的铁素体和渗碳体两相混合物，当加热至ac1以上，就开始发生珠光体向奥氏体转变了。它是一种扩散性相变，转变过程分为四个阶段。1、形核。将珠光体加热到ac1以上，在铁素体和渗碳体的相界面上奥氏体优先形核。2、长大。当奥氏体在铁素体和渗碳体相界面上形核后，建立起界面浓度平衡，从而在奥氏体和铁素体内部出现浓度差，碳原子由高浓度向低浓度扩算，从而造成渗碳体的溶解，奥氏体的形成，随着这个过程的进行，奥氏体长大。铁素体想奥氏体的转变速度往往比渗碳体的溶解快，因此珠光体中铁素体总比渗碳体消失得早，铁素体一旦消失，可以认为珠光体向奥氏体转变过程基本完成。3、残余渗碳体的溶解。铁素体消失后，随着保温时间的延长，通过碳原子扩散，残余渗碳体逐渐溶入奥氏体，使奥氏体逐步趋近共析成分。4、奥氏体的均匀化。残余渗碳体完全溶解后，奥氏体中碳浓度仍是不均匀的。

因为固溶体在实际凝固过程中界面前沿的液体成分是不断变化的，而液相中溶质含量越高其熔点越低。因此结晶时界面前沿的液相区产生了一个过冷区，即成分过冷。因此固溶体在正温度梯度下也会树枝状长大。

制作二元合金相图的方法是：试验。

根据相图判别合金的使用性能：

形成两相混合物的合金，性能是两组成相性能的平均值（性能与成分呈线性变化）。固溶体的性能随合金成分呈曲线变化。

共晶合金：

熔点低，流动性好，易形成集中缩孔，合金致密，铸造性能好。

固溶体合金：

强度低，塑性好，变形均匀，压力加工性能好。

两组元在液态、固态均能无限互溶的二元系所组成的相图称为匀晶相图。由液相结晶出单相固溶体的过程称为匀晶转变。匀晶转变是变温转变。以w（Ni）为30%Cu—Ni二元合金相图为例说明匀晶相图。

固溶体的平衡凝固：

平衡结晶：

在极缓慢冷却条件下进行的结晶。

以w（Ni）为30%Cu-Ni二元合金为例分析结晶过程：

t1温度以上为L。t1温度时，L→α，成分为B、C。t2温度时，成分为：E、F。液、固相线不仅是相区分线,也是结晶时两相的成分变化线。随T↓，固溶体成分沿固相线变化，液体成分沿液相线变化。t3温度时，结晶终了。得到与合金成分相同的固溶体。 

固溶体的结晶过程也是形核和长大的过程。固溶体在形核时，既需要结构起伏（以满足晶核大小超过一定临界值的要求），又需要能量起伏（以满足新相对形核功的要求），此外还需要成分起伏（由于其结晶时，结晶出的α成分与L成分不同）。

一、纯金属结晶和合金结晶的相同点是结晶条件都需要过冷度、结构起伏、能量起伏。

二、纯金属结晶和合金结晶不同点

（一）结晶温度不同

1、纯金属结晶是在某个温度下进行，是个恒温过程。

2、合金的结晶是在某个温度范围进行。

（二）结晶条件不同

1、金属结晶的条件有两个：液态金属必须过冷（热力学条件）；液体金属中有结构起伏（结构条件）。

2、合金的结晶需要满足结构、能量、化学成分三个条件。

扩展资料：

1、液态金属的结晶必须在过冷条件下进行，过冷度必须大于临界过冷度，晶胚尺寸必须大于临界晶核半径rk，前者提供形核驱动力，后者是形核的热力学条件。

2、rk值大小与晶核的表面能成正比，与过冷度成反比。过冷度越大，则rk值越小，形核率越大，但形核率有一极大值。如果表面能越大，形核所需的过冷度也应越大，凡是能降低表面能的办法都能促进形核。

3、均匀形核既需要结构起伏，也需要能量起伏。

4、晶核形成过程是原子的扩散迁移过程，因此结晶必须在一定的温度下进行。

5、在工业生产中，液态金属凝固总是以非均匀形核方式进行。

参考资料：

——纯金属结晶

——合金

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