句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语和独立成分9种。
主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working主语是they(他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。
定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
状语说明事情发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等
补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。
表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。
同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。同位语和补语的区别在于:补语不能缺少,同位语可以缺少。
独立成分,当一个词、短语或从句用在句子里面,与句子的其他成分只有意义上的联系而没有语法关系时,它就称为独立成分。常见的独立成份有呼吁、惊叹语、答语、插入语、介词短语、非谓语动词所构成的短语及形容词、副词所引起的词组等。
句子的成分
1 主语—主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。
注意:不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型。
2 谓语—说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。
谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
3 表语¬—表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。
注意区别:My job is teaching(teaching 为表语) 与 I am teaching now(am teaching 为谓语)
4 宾语—宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。
5 状语—状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。
6 定语—定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。
高中英语重点语法网络图表
英语常用的句型结构
1、 S + vi
2、 S + link verb + predicative
3、 S + vt +o
4、 S + vt + o (间接) + o (直接)
5、 S +vt+ o + o c
6、 There be + s + …
简单句的五个基本句型
种类 句型 主语
S 主语部分 谓语动词V 表语P 宾语O 宾语补足语OC
第1种 S +V We work(不及物)
第2种 S+V+O He plays(及物) the piano
第3种 S+V+P We are(系动词) students
第4种 S+V+ino(间接宾语)+Do(直接宾语) She gave(及物) me a pen
第5种 S+V+O+C He made(及物) the boy laugh
第6种 There be+S There are thirty days this month
句子主要有下面这些成分:
1}主语(Subject)——是一句话的中心,整句话都谈它的情况:
My sister is a nurse我姐姐是护士。
Her room is on the fifthfloor她的房间在 5 楼。
2) 谓语(Predicate)——是主语的主要情况,可表示动作,也可表示状态: She works in ahospital她在一家医院工作。(动作)
She knows a little English,她懂一点英语。(状态)
3) 宾语(Object)——表示动作的承受者,也可表示动作的结果: Everybody likes her人人都喜欢她。(动作承受者)
She is writing a letter now,她在写信。(动作的结果)
4) 表语(Predicative)——和系动词一道构成谓语:
She is a conscientious girl她是一个工作认真的姑娘。
5) 定语(Attribute)——修饰名词、代词等:
Her hospital isn’t verybig她的医院不大。(修饰名词)
But everyone in the hospital works hard但医院里人人工作都很努力。 (修饰代词)
6) 状语(Adverbial)——修饰动词、形容词或副词:
She goes to work very early她每天很早上班。(修饰动词,very修饰副 词)She feels very happy,她感到很快乐。(修饰形容词)
此外还有同位语(Appositive)、插入语(Parenthesis)及呼语(Vocative): This is my sister Mary这是我妹妹玛丽。(作my sister的同位语) Mary is a good girl, they say他们说玛丽是个好姑娘。(作插入语)
Sit down, Mary玛丽,请坐。(作呼语)
主语,谓语,宾语,定语,状语,表语 是句子成份
①主语:用于说明人或事物执行某一动作,表明“谁”或“什么”。常由名词、代词和数词来担任。如:
I love the book.The book is my friend.我喜欢这本书。这本书是我的朋友。(名词作主语)
②谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,表明“做什么”或“是什么”。常由实义动词或系动词加上表语部分来充当。如:
Mother is a teacher.妈妈是一名教师。(系表作谓语)
She likes music.她喜欢音乐。(动词作谓语)
③宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。如:
He learns English well.他英语学得好。(作动词宾语)
I'm interested in handwriting.我对书法很感兴趣。(作介词宾语)
④补语:说明宾语、主语“做什么”或“处于某种状态”。常由名词、形容词等词类来担任。如:
The teacher named me Lucy.老师叫我露茜。(名词作补语)
Very loud noises can make people ill.非常大的噪音会让人得病。(形容词作补语)
⑤表语:放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的成分,表明“什么”,“怎么样”。多由名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词和介词短语来担任。如:
She looks nice.她看上去很漂亮。(形容词作表语)
Ann is in the classroom.安在教室里。(介词短语作表语)
⑥定语:用于修饰和限制名词或代词的成分,表明“谁的”、“怎么样”等。多由名词、数词、形容词、代词和介词短语等来充当。如:
My friend is a middle school student.我的朋友是一名中学生。(名词作定语)
The man with black glasses liked sweet food.戴墨镜的那个人喜欢吃甜食。(介词短语作定语)
⑦状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分。常由副词、介词短语等来充当。如:
Bruce speaks English very well.布鲁斯英语说得很好。(副词作状语)
Dick lived in the country a few years ago.迪克几年前住在乡下。(介词短语作状语)
在英语的学习中,学生需要知道一些句子在文章中充当什么的成分,下面的我将为大家带来析,希望能够帮助到大家。
高中英语写作句子成分的讲解
一、 主语
句子的主体,表示句子所说的是谁或是什么。
练习:请找出下列句子的主语并指出什么词,短语或句子可以充当主语。
1 The boy es from Amierican
2 He usually wenti to school alone
3 Studying English is every important
4 To teach him a lesson seems quite necessary
5 That he won the prize excited everyone
6 It is important for us to have our dreams
7 It is obvious that he was wrong
8 It is no use crying over spilt milk
归纳:主语一般由名词、_______,或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当包括_____,______还有_______。另外,当句子的主语为_______,_________或_________时,主语部分太长,为使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语。
二、谓语
说明主语动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词片语充当。除了倒装等情况外,谓语总是位于主语的后面。既句子最主要的两大成分位置是:主语 谓语。英语写作句子成份讲解
动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与动词原形构成合成谓语,助动词与动词的适当形式如:原形、现在分词、过去分词共同构成谓语部分。
注意:谓语与主语在人称和数方面要相互照应。
练习:请找出下列句子的谓语并指出谓语的构成:是实义动词、连系动词+表语、情态动词+动词的原形还是助动词+动词的适当形式
1 His parents are teachers
2 The sun rises in the east
3 We have finished reading the book
4 You ought to work harder
5 I felt cold
6 He doesn't like music
三、 宾语
表示动作的物件,跟主语的性质差不多。一般由名词、宾格代词me ,he等或者相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当包括不定式、动名词还有宾语从句。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语说明动作是对谁或为谁而做,直接宾语则是动作的承受着或结果。一般情况下,宾语都是在动词的后面, 它的顺序是:主语 谓语 宾语
练习:请找出下列句子的宾语并指出充当宾语的词是名词、宾格代词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词还是宾语从句
1 He has never met her in person
2 She handed him a book
3 He likes to play basketball
4 We enjoy listening to the music
5 She said that she felt sick
6 They sent the injured to hospital
7 I find it possible to believe her any longer
8 We consider it no good getting up late
9 They believed it strange that he should have done that
注意:当句子的宾语为_________、______、或_______时,常用形式宾语it,以保持句子的平衡。
答案:一、主语
1 The boy 名词 2He 代词 3 Studying English动名词 4To teach him a lesson不定式
5That he won the prize主语从句 6it 形式主语,to have our dreams 不定式短语作真正主语 7it 形式主语, that he was wrong 主语从句作真正的主语 8 it 形式主语 crying over spilt milk动名词短语做主语
二、谓语
1 His parents are teachers系动词+表语
2The sun rises in the east实义动词
3We have finished reading the book
4You ought to work harder情态动词+动词原形
5I felt cold系动词+表语
6He doesn't like music助动词+动词原形
三、宾语
1 He has never met her in person宾格代词
2She handed him a book Him宾格代词做间接宾语,a book名词作直接宾语
3He likes to play basketball不定式短语
4We enjoy listening to the music动名词短语
5She said that she felt sick宾语从句
6They sent the injured to hospital名词化的形容词
7I find it possible to believe her any longer It形式宾语 不定式作真正的宾语
8We consider it no good getting up late It形式宾语,动名词作真正的宾语
9They believed it strange that he should have done that It形式宾语,宾语从句做真正的宾语
高中英语otherwise的用法介绍
1、otherwise 作连词,意为“否则;不然”,相当于 or或 if not如:
We'll go early,otherwise we may not get a seat
我们得早点去,要不然就没有座位了
I was ill that day,otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet那天我病了,否则我会去参加运动会的
2、otherwise 作副词,意为“用别的方法;不同地;在其他方面;除此之外”,相当于in another way或apart from 如:
He is rich,but otherwise an unhappy man
他有钱,但在其他方面是个不幸福的人
He is naughty,but otherwise a nice boy
他很调皮,但除此之外他是个不错的男孩子
They should have been working,but they were otherwise engaged
他们本应该在工作,但他们正忙别的事
3、[拓展] and otherwise 等等;及其他
or otherwise 或相反;或其他情况
[例句] In the kindergarten,the children learn singing,dancing,drawing and otherwise
孩子们在幼儿园里学唱歌、跳舞、画画等等
Fine or otherwise,we shall have to go
不管天气好不好,我们非去不可
[小试] 将下列句子翻译成英语
1你最好现在就走,要不然就赶不上火车了
2我们当时不知道你遇到了困难,要不然我们会帮助你的
3幸亏他提醒了我,要不然我就忘了
4租金很贵,但房子倒是很好
Key:
1You'd better go now,otherwise you'll miss the train
2We didn't know you were in trouble at that time,otherwise we would have given you a hand
3He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten
4The rent is high,but otherwise the house is fine
Different parts of a sentence概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分▲句子成分分类1.主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象大多数主语都在句首如:讲述“谁”We work in a big factory 讲述“什么”The classroom is very big 数词作主语Three are enough 三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job从句作主语What we need is food 我们最需要的是食物▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间如:There are some bottles of milk in the box▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语如: It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick” It took two workers about three months to build the house2.谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致如:He is very generousShe looks very smart and coolWe have finished the jobHe can speak German3.表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面 形容词作表语You look younger than before 名词作表语 My father is a teacher 副词作表语Everyone is here介词短语作表语They are at the theatre不定式作表语My job is to teach them English动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses从句作表语That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday4.宾语▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面有时,会有双宾语如:名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes代词做宾语He often helps me不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time▲直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的对象但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当如:We brought them some food主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for5.宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语如:名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king形容词作宾补Don’t make your hands dirty副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:▲“宾语+名词”常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等 We call him Jack They made Li Lei their monitor▲“宾语+形容词”常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等如:Do you think his idea wrongWe must keep our classroom cleanWe can’t leave him aloneCan you get everything ready for the party before Friday▲“宾语+副词”副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等如: Let him in/ out Mr Li drove us homeWhen got there, we found him out▲“宾语+介词短语”介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系如: We found everything in good order We regard him as our good friendHe opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain▲“宾语+不定式”充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day I often hear him read English in his room C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework▲“宾语+现在分词”现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系 I saw them playing on the playgroundI heard Mary singing in the classroom▲“宾语+过去分词”宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成 I had my bike stolen The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday▲宾语+what 从句Call me what you likeMr Li has made the factory what it is todayThe mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago6.定语▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine 代词作定语 What’s your name名词作定语They made some paper flowers介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置如: We’ll go to have something English If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else Do you have anything important to tell me▲介词短语作定语时要后置如: Do you know the boy behind the tree
The students in the room are all my friends I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的 Do you have any piece of music to listen to ▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置如:We are at the top of the hill Can you see the village belowThe people downstairs are listening to a talk nowThey took the boy to the hospital nearby at once7.状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中如: He did it carefully They missed me very much Without his help, we couldn’t work it out In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard When I was young, I could swim well
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分
1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首如:
Students study(学生学习)
We are friends(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语
2)谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面如:
Students study(学生学习)
We are friends(我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语
3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任放在及物动词或者介词之后如:
They are teachers( 他们是老师)
I play with him(我和他一起玩)
这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语
4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面如:
This is a red sun(这是个红太阳)
He is a tall boy(他是个高个子男孩)
这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语
5)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分常由副词担任修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前如:
The students study hard(这些学生学习努力)
I often write to him(我常给他写信)
The bag is too heavy(这个书包太重了)
这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语
6)表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态一般由名词或者形容词担任如:This table is long(这个桌子是长的)
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面句子的成分分布如下:
(定语) 主语 (状语) 谓语 (定语) 宾语 (状语)
如:(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo
(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday
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