表语
先搞清楚主句(主谓宾)的意思,再看看非谓语动词部分的意思,你就会知道该怎样联立句子的两个部分了他一般做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
1、不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置
It took me only five minutes to finish the job
非谓语动词在句子中除了不能单独作谓语,几乎可以充当其它所有成分,即:主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语和补语等。
1, 作主语、表语。如:
To see is to believe 百闻不如一见。
Saving is having 节约即才会拥有。
(非谓语动词To see,Saving作主语;to believe 和having 作表语)
2, 作宾语。如:
Tom wanted to go, too 汤姆也想去。
I suggest doing it in a different way 我建议换一种方法做此事。
(非谓语动词to go和 doing作宾语)
3, 作定语。如:
The next train to arrive was from Beijing 下一列到站的火车是从北京开来的。
Everybody was at his fighting post 每个人都守在自己的战斗岗位上。
(非谓语动词to arrive和 fighting 作定语,分别修饰train和post)
4, 作同位语。如:
He gave the order to start the attack 他下达了开始进攻的命令。(to start 和 名词 order 同位)
非谓语动词中的分词,可以做定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语;动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语;动词不定式可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。
做状语时:动词不定时只能做目的状语和结果状语;分词可做时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随状语。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语;动名词可在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语;分词可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语,现将它们在用法上的区别总结如下:
1�动词不定式和动名词作主语比较
动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作,不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。例如:
_______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.(MET 1992)
A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk(Key:B)
2�动词不定式、动名词、分词作表语比较
(1)不定式和动名词作表语的区别同作主语一样。
His job is building houses.
Our task now is to increase food production.
(2)动词不定式和动名词作表语说明主语的内容,现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征,过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_______ it more difficult.(NMET 1999)
A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make (Key:B)
3�动词不定式和动名词作宾语比较
(1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语,如:want,wish,hope,manage,de- mand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect等。
We agreed _______ here,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.(NMET 1995)
A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met (Key:C)
(2)有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,avoid,con- sider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape, excuse,finish,forgive,imagine, keep,mind,miss,practise,resist, risk,suggest,deny等。
The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_______ .(MET 1987)
A.catching B.to be caught C.being caught D.to catch (Key:C)
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.(MET 1992)
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you're calling(Key:C)
(3)有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词,意义上无多大区别,如:love, like,hate,prefer,intend,start, continue等。
I intend to finish/finish- ing the task this morning.
(4)有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟动名词,但意义上有区别,如:forget,remember, mean,regret,stop,try等。
—The light in the office is still on.
—Oh,I forgot _______ .(MET 1991)
A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off(Key:C)
—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
—Well,now I regret _______ that.(NMET 1995)
A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done(Key:D)
4、动词不定式、分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较
(1)有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语,如:ask,tell,order,want,wish,warn, allow,advise,permit,forbid等。
The patientwas warned _______ oily food after the operation.(NMET 1996)
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating(Key:C)
(2)有些动词后既可以跟不定式,又可以跟分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语,但意义不同,如:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,have, make等,且不定式不带to,但在被动结构中必须带to。不定式指动作的全过程;现在分词指正在进行的动作的一部分,且表主动意义;过去分词指已经完成的动作,且表被动意义。
Paul doesn't have to be made .He always works hard.(NMET 1995)
A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning(Key:B)
The manager discussed the plan that they would like so see the next year.(NMET 2000)
A.carry out B.carrying out
C.carried out D.to carry out(Key:C)
5�不定式、动名词、分词作定语比较
(1)不定式作定语表示“将要”,现在分词表示“正在”或主动,过去分词表示“已经”。
The Olympic Games,in 776 B.C.,did not include women players until1912.(NMET 1997)
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing(Key:C)
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door“Sorry to miss you; will call later.”(NMET 1999)
A.read B.reads C.to read D.reading(Key:D)
(2)动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,现在分词作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。
a swimming pool动名词作定语,a swim- ming fish现在分词作定语。
6�动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词,表示原因、目的和结果,分词作状语修饰动词和句子,表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。
late in the morning,Bob turned off the alarm.(NMET 2001)
A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having slept(Key:A)
such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2000)
A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered(Key:A)
more attention,the trees could have grown better.(MET 1990)
A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given(Key:A)
一个句子只有一个谓语动词,如果还想出现动词 就需要对谓语进行改变 所以成了非谓语, 所以非谓语出了谓语的成分不可以充当其他成分都可以充当。
非谓语包含3中形式 to do ,ving ved。
vingv具有名词 形容词 和副词的词性,名词可以充当主语 宾语 表语 同位语 。形容词 可以充当定语 。副词可以充当状语。
to do 有名词 形容词 副词词性 所以可以充当主语宾语表鱼 同位语 定语 状语
ved 有形容词 副词 词性 没有名词性 所以可以做定语 状语 所以ving可以以上成分 。所以你就看他们在句子里面的位置 就是充当什么成分。
比如 playing football is happy。 此时 playing football 就在主语的位置 所以就是充当主语。
非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词
是动词的非谓语形式动词一般在句子中充当谓语在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
3种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词
1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
(1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
They built a garden
They suggested building a garden
(2)都可以被状语修饰:
The suit fits him very well
The suit used to fit him very well
(3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化例如:
He was punished by his parents(谓语动词被动语态)
He avoided being punished by his parents(动名词的被动式)
We have written the composition(谓语动词的完成时)
Having written the composition, we handed it in(现在分词的完成式)
(4)都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
The boss ordered them to start the work(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
We are League members(谓语动词的主语)
We being League member, the work was well done
(现在分词的逻辑主语)
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
(1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语
(2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语
(3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语
(4)谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能:
二、非谓语动词用法:
(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征
1.不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
例如:
I'm glad to meet you
He seems to know a lot
We plan to pay a visit
He wants to be an artist
The patient asked to be operated on at once
The teacher ordered the work to be done
(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard
He seems to be reading in his room
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie
I happened to have seen the film
He is pleased to have met his friend
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