第一步:确认当前的战略是什么?
第二步:确认企业外部环境的变化(波特五力或者PEST)
第三步:根据企业资源组合情况,确认企业的关键能力和关键限制。
第四步:按照通用矩阵或类似的方式打分评价
把识别出的所有优势分成两组,分的时候以两个原则为基础:它们是与行业中潜在的机会有关,还是与潜在的威胁有关。用同样的办法把所有的劣势分成两组,一组与机会有关,另一组与威胁有关。
第五步:将结果在SWOT分析图上定位,或者用SWOT分析表,将刚才的优势和劣势按机会和威胁分别填入表格。两两组合利用SO、改进WO、监视ST、消除WT
科尔尼 SWOT分析得出战略的例子。
与很多其他的战略模型一样,SWOT模型已由 麦肯锡 提出很久了,带有时代的局限性。以前的企业可能比较关注成本、质量,现在的企业可能更强调组织流程。例如以前的电动打字机被印表机取代,该怎么转型?是应该做印表机还是其他与机电有关的产品?从SWOT分析来看,电动打字机厂商优势在机电,但是发展印表机又显得比较有机会。结果有的朝印表机发展,死得很惨;有的朝剃须刀生产发展很成功。这就要看,你要的是以机会为主的成长策略,还是要以能力为主的成长策略。SWOT没有考虑到企业改变现状的主动性,企业是可以通过寻找新的资源来创造企业所需要的优势,从而达到过去无法达成的 战略目标 。
在运用SWOT分析法的过程中,你或许会碰到一些问题,这就是它的适应性。因为有太多的场合可以运用SWOT分析法,所以它必须具有适应性。然而这也会导致反常现象的产生。基础SWOT法分析法所产生的问题可以由更高级的 POWER SWOT分析法 得到解决。
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沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)SWOT分析
优势Strengths
沃尔玛是著名的零售业品牌,它以物美价廉、货物繁多和一站式购物而闻名。
沃尔玛的销售额在近年内有明显增长,并且在全球化的范围内进行扩张(例如,它收购了英国的零售商ASDA)
沃尔玛的一个核心竞争力是由先进的信息技术所支持的国际化物流系统例如, 在该系统支持下,每一件商品在全国范围内的每一间卖场的运输、销售、储存等物流信息都可以清晰地看到。信息技术同时也加强了沃尔玛高效的采购过程。
沃尔玛的一个焦点战略是人力资源的开发和管理。优秀的人才是沃尔玛在商业上成功的关键因素,为此沃尔玛投入时间和金钱对优秀员工进行培训并建立忠诚度。
劣势Weaknesses
沃尔玛建立了世界上最大的食品零售帝国。尽管它在信息技术上拥有优势,但因为其巨大的业务拓展,这可能导致对某些领域的控制力不够强。
因为沃尔玛的商品涵盖了服装、食品等多个部门,它可能在适应性上比起更加专注于某一领域的竞争对手存在劣势。
该公司是全球化的,但是目前只开拓了少数几个国家的市场。
机会Opportunities
采取收购、合并或者战略联盟的方式与其他国际零售商合作,专注于欧洲或者大中华区等特定市场。
沃尔玛的卖场当前只开设在在少数几个国家内。因此,拓展市场(如中国,印度)可以带来大量的机会。
沃尔玛可以通过新的商场地点和商场形式来获得市场开发的机会。更接近消费者的商场和建立在购物中心内部的商店可以使过去仅仅是大型超市的经营方式变得多样化。
沃尔玛的机会存在于对现有大型超市战略的坚持。
威胁Threats
沃尔玛在零售业的领头羊地位使其成为所有竞争对手的赶超目标。
沃尔玛的全球化战略使其可能在其业务国家遇到政治上的问题。
多种消费品的成本趋向下降,原因是制造成本的降低。造成制造成本降低的主要原因是生产外包向了世界上的低成本地区。这导致了价格竞争,并在一些领域内造成了通货紧缩。恶性价格竞争是一个威胁。
Wal-Mart SWOT分析原文[1]
Strengths
Wal-Mart is a powerful retail brand It has a reputation for value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all in one store
Wal-Mart has grown substantially over recent years, and has experienced global expansion (for example its purchase of the United Kingdom based retailer ASDA)
The company has a core competence involving its use of information technology to support its international logistics system For example, it can see how individual products are performing country-wide, store-by-store at a glance IT also supports Wal-Mart's efficient procurement
A focused strategy is in place for human resource management and development People are key to Wal-Mart's business and it invests time and money in training people, and retaining a developing them
Weaknesses
Wal-Mart is the World's largest grocery retailer and control of its empire, despite its IT advantages, could leave it weak in some areas due to the huge span of control
Since Wal-Mart sell products across many sectors (such as clothing, food, or stationary), it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors
The company is global, but has has a presence in relatively few countries Worldwide
Opportunities
To take over, merge with, or form strategic alliances with other global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe or the Greater China Region
The stores are currently only trade in a relatively small number of countries Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India
New locations and store types offer Wal-Mart opportunities to exploit market development They diversified from large super centres, to local and mall-based sites
Opportunities exist for Wal-Mart to continue with its current strategy of large, super centres
Threats
Being number one means that you are the target of competition, locally and globally
Being a global retailer means that you are exposed to political problems in the countries that you operate in
The cost of producing many consumer products tends to have fallen because of lower manufacturing costs Manufacturing cost have fallen due to outsourcing to low-cost regions of the World This has lead to price competition, resulting in price deflation in some ranges Intense price competition is a threat
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc is the world's largest retailer, with $2563 billion in sales in the fiscal year ending Jan 31, 2004 The company employs 16 million associates worldwide through more than 3,600 facilities in the United States and more than 1,570 units more Go to Wal-Mart Facts
Disclaimer: This case study has been compiled from information freely available from public sources It is merely intended to be used for educational purposes only
中国手工艺品的SWOT分析如下:
优势:手工艺品具有精致、自然、返璞归真、化学成分少、艺术气息更浓等特点,相比机器制造、模具生产的产品更具客户喜爱。
劣势:纯手工制作,产量有限,难以满足市场需求。
机会:具备手艺高超的技能,或掌握某种稀缺手艺,将提升手工艺品价值性;目前市场此类手工艺产品热销、不饱和现状也是一种机遇。
风险:制品被盗版、技术被窃取,需要加强专利保护和行业规范。
综上所述,中国手工艺品在制作、价值、市场等方面具有一定的优势和机会,但也存在一定的劣势和风险。
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