k
1、keep doing, keep on doing这两个词组均用来表示“不断做”的意思,但在涵义上有所不同。
keep doing和keep on doing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思,强调动作连续不断,每隔一会儿发生,这时两者可以换用。不同的是keep doing中的doing是动名词,作宾语。例如:john always kept (on) asking questions约翰总是问个不停。news of successes keeps (on) pouring in捷报频传。
keep doing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keep on doing则没有这种用法。例如:we kept working in the fields in spite of the rain 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。why do the dogs keep barking这些狗为什么不停地叫?
2、keep sb from doing sth, keep sth from sb
keep sb from doing sth相当于prevent (or: stop) sb from doing sth, 意为"阻止某人做某事"。
keep sth from sb则表示“将某事瞒着某人”的意思。例如:what kept you from joining me 什么事情使你不能和我在一起?we must keep them from getting to know our plans我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。it seems that she keeps something from us她好像有什么事瞒着我们似的。why did you keep the truth from me 你为什么向我隐瞒真相?
3、kind, sort, type这一组词都表示“种类”,常可互换使用。
kind系普通用语,其含义较模糊,它所指的种类可用任何标准区分,但着重以事物的自然属性和内在性质为标准来区分。kind常和type换用,但在表示动植物的种类,族及牌类游戏时,不能用type代替。如:there are different kinds of animals in shanghai wild animal park 在上海野生动物园有许多不同的动物。computers can actually do many kinds of work 事实上,电脑能做许多不同的工作。
sort也为普通用语,比kind更口语化,其概念同kind一样很不严密,两者常可互换,但sort常掺杂说话人的主观色彩,带有轻蔑与贬低的含义。如:we talked of all sorts of subjects我们谈了各种话题。these sorts of people are ready to eat anywhere这种人总是走到哪里吃到哪里。
4、know, recognize
know为“认识,熟悉,知道”,表示认识或熟悉某人,某事,某地。它可作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语,另可接含形容词及不定式的复合结构。如:who knows, perhaps he doesn't care about me at all谁知道呢,也许他根本不在乎我。have you known oliver long i knew him as long ago as the year 1984 你很久以前就认识奥利福了吗?我在一九八四年的时候就认识他了。i didn't know you were coming today我不知道你会来。i've never known you so cheerful我从来不知道你这么开朗。i know her to be a fool我知道她是个傻瓜。
recognize为“认出,认清,承认”,表示能认出原来认识或曾经见过的人,物及地方,以及承认某事物的客观存在。它只作及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语。如:you have grown so tall that i scarcely recognize you你长成这么高,我几乎认不出你来了。did you recognize your uncle at once 你是不是一下子就认出你的叔叔来了?presently i recognized that we were in the atlantic avenue 现在我知道我们在亚特兰大大街。
5、keep up, keep up with
keep up既可是动副型短语动词,也可是动介型短语动词,主要表示“(斗志,价格等)不低落”,“维持,继续”等意。可以用于被动语态。例如:their spirit kept up well in spite of hardships虽有困难,但他们并不气馁。prices still keep up物价仍旧上涨。i hope the weather will keep up我希望天气继续晴朗。they entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost 10 years 他们开始通信了,并且把这种通信联系保持了十年之久。
keep up with是一个动副介型短语动词,后须接名词做其宾语,表示“跟上,与同步前进”的意思,即有强调并行不悖,不掉队的意味。只用于主动语态。例如:he walked so fast that i could hardly kept up with him他走得那么快,我简直跟不上了。we must keep up with the times 我们应该跟上时代。
6、knock down, knock out这两个短语动词是动副型,knock既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。两个短语动词均在句中作谓语,只是意义不同。1 knock down主要表示下列几种意义:1击倒,打倒 2拍卖给 3拆卸,拆散 4(强迫)减价。例如:he was knocked down by a lorry他被一辆卡车撞倒了。he knocked his opponent down他将他的对手击倒。these old houses are to be knocked down这些旧房子将被拆除。the painting was knocked down to smith for 5 dollars那幅画以5美元的价钱卖给史密斯先生了。the machines will be knocked down before being shipped to the persian gulf 这些机器在运往波斯湾之前将被拆卸。he asked '500 for his car, but i managed to knock him down 10 percent他的汽车要500美元,但我设法使他减价百分之十。
knock out则主要表示下列几种意义:1敲掉,敲空;2在拳击中“击倒”对方,使其在规定时间内不能起立 3比喻用法:“使……震惊,惊奇”。例如:he knocked the nail out他把钉子敲了出来。he knocked his pipe out before refilling it再装烟丝之前,他磕出了烟斗里的烟灰。joe knocked his opponent out in the first round of the contest 乔在比赛的第一回合中就把对方击倒了。 for a moment he was completely knocked out by the news of his friend's death 他被他朋友逝世的消息一下子惊得完全呆住。
7、know, know of
know作及物动词,表示“知道,懂得”的意思时,其后一般接表示事物的名词,从句,不定式复合结构。但它表示“认识,了解,熟悉”的意思时,其后多接表示人的名词或代词,也可接事物名词。例如:do you know their names 你知道他们的名字吗?do you know what his name is 你知道他叫什么名字吗?i never knew him to act without thinking我从未发现他轻率行事过。i got to know him in the autumn of 1963 我是在1963年秋天认识他的。
know of亦可解作know about,其后可接表示人或事物的名词,表示“知道(有),听说”的意思,指间接地获得的信息或情况,相当于hear of。例如:how did you come to know of this 你怎么知道有这事的?i don't know him but i know of him 我不认识他,但听说过他。
8、known to, known for, known as这三个形容词短语在使用中均与联系动词be连用,只是在意义上有所不同。
known to表示“为所熟知”或“闻名于”等意,值得注意的是,在由及物动词know的主动句变被动句时,就要用这种结构。例如:the use of gunpowder was known to the chinese before the europeans中国人懂得应用火药是在欧洲人之前。luxun is known to the world 鲁迅举世闻名。
known for和known as的意义和用法与famous for和famous as相同。如:hangzhou is known for the west lake杭州以西湖而闻名。he is known as a painter 他以作为一名画家而出名。
f
1、fairly, quite, rather
这三个副词都可用来说明形容词和副词的程度,十分容易混淆。
1)fairly意为“相当,还算”,是这一组词中语气最轻的一个。quite为“相当,或多或少地,在某种程度 上”,语气比fairly稍强。rather为“相当,有点,颇”,在这三个副词中语气最强。试比较下列各句: this film is fairly good这部**还可以看看。 your composition is quite good你的作文还不错。 his homework is rather good他的作业相当不错。 又如: this book is fairly easy这本书还算浅易。 he is quite grown up他差不多长大成人了。 that is rather hard to explain right away要立即说明是颇有难度的
2)fairly只用于修饰褒义的形容词和副词,如可以说she is fairly clever,不可说she is fairly foolish。rather主要用于贬义,如rather poor/bad/stupid/ugly,但它也可以用在某些褒义的形容词和副词前,具有比fairly更强烈的褒义,相当于very,如rather good/ well/pretty /clever。另外,若在没有褒贬意义的词前用fairly,表示说话人赞同;若用rather,则表示不赞同。试比较: this soup is fairly hot这汤蛮热的。 this soup is rather hot这汤太烫了。 she is fairly tall for her age就她的年龄来说,她长得算是高了。 she is rather tall for her age就她的年龄来说,她长得过于高了。
3)rather可与too及比较级连用,而fairly和quite则不可。如: my mother is rather better today我母亲今天病好多了。 this book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors 这本书对低年级学生说来未免太难,对高年级学生说来又嫌太容易。
4)quite和rather还可和动词连用,fairly则不可和动词连用。如: this does not quite satisfy me这没有完全使我满意。 i don't quite follow you我不大懂你的话。 they rather expected to win the match他们颇想赢得这场比赛。 i rather like her我相当喜欢她。
5) quite和rather都可修饰名词,但须放在不定冠词前。如: that was quite an accident那是一次不太寻常的事故。 it's rather a pity这真是相当遗憾。当名词前有形容时,quite和rather可放在不定冠词后,也可放在不定冠词前。如:they had a quite good time 也可说quite a good time。it is a rather cold day 也可说rather a cold day。
2、familiar with, familiar to
这两个形容词短语都表示“熟悉”的意思,但用法不同。familiar to表示“(某事)对(某人来说)是熟悉的”意思;因此,句子的主语总是表示事物的名词,介词to后接人称名词或代词的宾格形式。例如:this subject is familiar to us我们熟悉这个课题。these are the rules that are familiar to every schoolboy这些是一个学童都熟知的规则。
familiar with则表示“(某人)对(某事)是熟悉的,精通的”的意思。因此,句中的主语总是人称名词或代词,介词with后接事物名词。如:we are all familiar with the three states of matter我们都熟悉物质的三态。they are familiar with english他们精通英语。
3、fall, drop
两者均表示“落下”。fall表示物体由于本身的重量失去平衡或其他原因向下坠落,多为无意识的行为。它是不及物动词。fall也常作连系动词,表示“变得,进入某种状态”。
drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,或让物体落向低处。它既可指有意识的行为,也可指无意识的行为,当指无意识的行为时,可与fall交换使用。drop为及物动词或不及物动词。如:the man fell/dropped from the top of the building(两者都指无意识的行为。)her hair falls to her shoulders(指无意识的行为。)many trees fell in the storm(指无意识的行为。)one after another, all three of them fell asleep fall作连系动词。)he dropped a letter into the post-box(指有意识的行为。)the enemy plane dropped several bombs(指有意识的行为。)
4、famous for, famous as
这两个形容词短语都表示“以……而出名”的意思。但在用法和含义上有异。
famous for 主要有三种用法:1主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意为“以某种知识技能,作品或特征而出名”。2主语为地点名词时,表示“以某种特产或特征出名”。3主语为事物名词时,表示“以其内容,特征,价值等而被人所知”。如:he is famous for his skill in playing football他因球艺而出名。the area is famous for its green tea这个地区以产绿茶而著称。guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery桂林因美丽的风景而著称。this grammar book is famous for its practical usage这部语法书以其实用而出名。
famous as 也有三种用法:1当主语是表示人的名词或代词时,意指“以某种身份或职业而出名”。2当主语为地点名词时,表示“作为什么产地或地方而出名”。3当主语为事物名词时,表示“以某种形式而出名”。如:mark twin was famous as a children-story writer马克吐温作为儿童故事作家而著称。this area is famous as a green tea producing place这个地区作为绿茶产地而著名。this book is famous as a reference book这本书作为参考书而出名。
5、farther, further这两个词都是far的比较级形式。1farther和further都可指具体的距离,即空间时间上的“较远”。如: let's not go any farther/further我们别再走了吧。 the service desk is at the farther/further end of the hall咨询处在大厅稍往里的地方。2further还可用于抽象的引申义,如时间,程度和数量等,表示“进一步,更进一层”,此时,不能与 farther换用。如: i may be able to give you some further information about it 关于这个问题,我还可以给你一些 信息。 the problem will be further discussed at the class meeting 这个问题在班会上还将进一步讨论。
6、favourable, favoured, favourite
这三个形容词尽管词根相同,但在意义上有所差异。favourable主要有下列三种意思:1 赞许 2有利的 3讨人喜欢的,良好的。例如:the teacher made a favourable report on the boy's work at school教师报告说,该生在校成绩优良。it was a favourable time for our trip, since business was light生意清淡,正是我们旅行的好时光。he made a favourable impression on his future colleagues他给他未来的同事留下良好的印象。
favoured在表示“有利的(条件或地位等)”的意义时,一般可用favourable代替;有时favourite也有这一含义。此外,它还可表示“受优惠的,优惠的”意思。如:he has gained a favoured (or: favourable/favourite) position他已取得了有利的地位。this country cannot have the treatment of the most-favoured-nation clause这个国家不能享有最惠国条款上的待遇。
favourite作形容词时,主要表示“最受人喜欢的”意思。它还可用作名词,表示“最受人喜欢的人或物”。如: my favourite type of food is chinese food我最喜欢的食品是中国食品。who is your favourite novelist谁是你最喜欢的作家?he is a favourite writer他是最受人喜欢的作家。this book is a great favourite of mine这是我最喜欢的一本书。his last son, john, is his favourite他的小儿子约翰是他最喜欢的。
7、far too, too far
1)修饰形容词和副词的too可以被far修饰,以示强调。far too即表示“实在太,过于”的意思。如: the coffee is far too hot咖啡过于烫了。 he was at the airport far too early他来飞机场太早了。
2)too far是“太远了,太过分”的意思。在词组结构里,副词too(过于,太)被用来修饰形容词或副词 far。如: it is too far to the music hall离音乐厅太远了。 you've gone too far 太过分了。
3)除far以外,too还可以被all, rather, much等修饰,表示“实在太”,或被a bit修饰,表示“有点儿”。如: the holidays were all too short假期太短了。 you're going much too fast你走得太快了。 this dress is a bit too small for me这条裙子对我来说太小了点儿。
8、find, find out
find是及物动词,表示“找到,发现”的意思,其后可跟名词,复合结构或that从句。如:i have looked for him several hours, but i haven't found him yet我找了他好几个小时,但还是没有找到。i found it necessary to learn french if you know english我发现如果你懂英语的话,有必要学法语。
find out是一个短语动词,表示通过研究,观察或调查等一系列工作后“找出或发现”,其后一般跟名词,代词或从句。如:we soon found out that he was a secret agent我们很快查明他是个特务。they have found out the truth他们已经查明了真相。
9、fast, quick, rapid
这一组形容词表示“快的,迅速的”。
1)fast多指运动着的人或物体本身具有高速度的特点,或指一段时间内持续的快速运动。quick一般用于指迅速的,一瞬间的或短暂的动作与反应,侧重匆忙的含义,不强调速度。它另可指智力方面反应灵敏, 以下例句和短语中的fast和quick都不能相互替换: a fast runner, a fast train, a fast job, a quick turn, a quick answer, be quick about one's work。又如: the clock is five minutes fast这只钟快了五分钟。 he was such a fast talker that nobody could understand him他说话如此之快,以致于没有人能 听懂他的意思。 she is very quick at learning languages她学语言很快。 he had a quick mind, and answered all the questions put to him by the reporter他反应很快,回答了记者提出的所有问题。
2)rapid常与fast相互换用,但前者侧重动作本身,后者常指动作中的人或物体。rapid有急促的含义,它所指的动作可能是一个或一连串的。如:rapid progress, rapid pace, rapid practice。又如: the improvement in her health is rapid她恢复得很快。 this school promised rapid results in the learning of languages这所学校承诺在语言学习方面见效相当快。
3)这一组词的副词也有同样的区别。如: he speaks fast come here quickly! she ran rapidly up the stairs
10、first, firstly, at first
first表示“第一,首先”的意思,可以用作形容词或副词。如:this is the first time that i've heard of it这是我第一次听说。to answer this question, we must consider a few factors first为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先考虑几个因素。
firstly只用于列举事实或论点,如:第一,第二,最后(firstly, secondly, lastly),此时,可与first, second, last互换使用。如:firstly (or: first) brush your teeth, secondly (second) wash your face你先刷牙,后洗脸。
at first表示“起初”的意思,它有at the beginning的含义,主要相对“后来”而言的。如:at first, he found english difficult他起初觉得英语很难学。if at first you don't succeed, try, try, and try again如果你第一次未成功,就应该多试几次。
11、fault, mistake
1)fault作“过失,缺点,毛病”解,指道德、性格和习惯上的弱点或行为上的过失,也指违反某一规定所造成的错误。如: he is still a good boy with all his faults他尽管有这样那样的过错,但还是一个好孩子。 it was the boy's fault he didn't obey the traffic rules是那个孩子不好,是他没有遵守交通规则。
2)mistake作“错误,过失,误会”解,指因认识不足或判断失误而无意中犯下的错误。如: since a lot of people make mistakes in life, i'll give you a change 因为很多人在一生中都会犯错误,所以我会给你一个机会。 the mistake was made entirely through your fault出了这个错完全是由于你的过失。
12、for a moment, for the moment, in a moment, at the moment
for a moment常与持续性动词连用,表示“一会儿,片刻”的意思。如:please wait for a moment请等一下。he read the paper for a moment and went out他看了一会儿报纸,就出去了。
for the moment常用于现在时,意为“暂时,目前”。如:stop discussing for the moment, please请暂停讨论。let's leave things as they are for the moment让我们暂时维持现状吧。
in a moment常与终止性动词连用,一般用于将来时,表示“一会儿,立即,马上”等意义。如:i'll come back in a moment我马上就回来。he'll meet you in a moment他一会儿就见你。
at the moment用于现在时,表示“此刻”的意思;用于过去时,表示“那时”的意思。如:i'm busy at the moment我此刻很忙。i was busy at the moment我那时很忙。
13、festival, holiday, vacation
1)festival意为“节日”,指喜庆日和持续一段时间的文娱活动,如the spring festival(春节),the film festival(**节),the tv festival(电视节)。
2)holiday为“假日,休息日”,主要指按风俗习惯或法律规定的纪念日及休息日。其复数形式可表示延续一段时间的“假期”,美式英语中则习惯用单数。如:a pleasant roman holiday (愉快的罗马假日), the christmas holidays (圣诞节假期),the school holiday (学校的假期)。
3)vacation为“假期”,指放下工作与学习的一段常时间的休息时间,常可用holidays替换。如 a paid vacation (带薪假期),the winter vacation/holidays (寒假),the summer vacation/holidays (暑假)。
14、free, freely
free用作副词时,主要表示下列两种意义:1“自由地,随意地(in a free manner)” 2“免费地”。如:don't let the dog run free on the main road不要让狗在公路上随意乱串。babies are allowed to travel free on buses婴儿乘公共汽车可以免费。
freely也可表示“自由地,随意地”的意思,可以与free互换。它还常用于以下四种含义:1 自愿地,坦诚地;2 活动和行为“没有阻力地”;3 慷慨地,大方地;4 大量地。如:i freely admit that what i said was wrong我主动承认我所说的不对。you may speak quite freely in front of me i shall not tell anyone what you say在我面前,你可以坦诚地谈,我不会把你说的话告诉别人的。oil the wheel, then it will turn more freely给轮子上点油,那么它会转得更好。he gives freely to many organizations that help the poor他对那些帮助穷人的组织慷慨援助。the wound was bleeding freely伤口大量出血。
15、fine, good, well
这三个形容`词都表示“好”。
1)fine作“好”解时,程度胜过good。它可以指人的身体安好,还可用来指优秀,高尚,优美,文雅,令人满意,天气晴朗等。它另可表示纤弱,稀薄,细致,精致,单纯等。如fine weather (好天气), fine artist (优秀的艺术家),fine salt (精制盐),fine gold (纯金)。
2)good是一个意义极其广泛的词,几乎可用来指除“健康”以外的所有的“好”,如美好,美丽,良好, 愉快,高明,充分,完全,适当,正确,有效,亲切,有礼貌,精神好及质量好等。如:good days, good students, a good chance, a good book, good looks。
3)well用作形容词时,只能表示身体和情况的“良好”,即指身体正常或痊愈,情况顺利或处于令人满意的状态,不能用来指工作,学习与劳动等方面的“好”。它着重指一时的或某一段时间的状态。well在句中只能作表语,不能作定语。试比较: he looks good他看来是个好人。 he looks well他看来很健康。 i'm feeling very good我感到情绪很好。 i'm feeling very well我感到身体很好。又如:the patient didn't feel well after the operation术后,病人没有感到身体有好转。i am not wellmy head aches我不太舒服,头很疼。everything is well with us我们一切都好。all is not well in that mountainous country那个山村的情况不太好。
c
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:look, i can do it嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:if i concentrate on the work, i'll be able to work out the problem如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。i'll be able to speak french in another few months再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:i hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:professor li is often visited by his students学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:i called at the bank and drew some money today今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如;he placed the flowers in the centre of the table他把花放在桌子的中央。at the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。london is the political, economical and cultural centre of britain伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:he telephoned me in the middle of the night他半夜给我打来电话。soon they were in the middle of the river不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:if we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:this has been my only opportunity to practise speaking english这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。i am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:it is certain that the temperature will rise气温一定会上升。he is certain to come他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:he is sure to succeed他一定会成功。注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。试比较:they are certain/sure to succeed他们一定会成功。they are certain/sure of success他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对有把握”的含义。再如:the strike is certain/sure to take place罢工必然会发生。they are certain/sure of victory他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:i don't much care about going我并不很想去。i don't care about what people think我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:she doesn't seem to care for him她好像不喜欢他。small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:don't let me interrupt you, just carry on别让我打断你,请继续。i'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。rising costs make it hard to carry on the business成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:i have some difficulties in carrying out her order我感到执行她的命令有些困难。the government was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning"当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:we'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:the girls had to run to keep up with the boys这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
11、chief, main
12、choose, select
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
14、continual, continuous
15、compareto, comparewith
16、consider, regard as, treat as
17、coloured, colourful
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a
1 above all 表示“最重要的是;尤其”的意思。
例如:the local government faces many tough problems, and above all, pollution problem当地政府面临许多问题,但首当其冲的是污染问题。
a capable candidate should be outstanding in many ways, and above all, confidence一个称职的竞选者应在许多方面表现突出,但最重要的是自信心。
2 according to。according to是一个短语介词,意思是“按照或根据”。
例如:he will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime他所受的惩罚要根据其犯罪的严重程度而定。
i will take the medicine according to the instruction我会按说明来服药的。
我们又常常会碰到"according as"这一短语,那么这两者又有何联系呢?according as 是短语从属连词,后接从句。作“根据……而”或 “视……而定”解。例如:you will be praised or blamed according as your work is well done or not根据你的工作表现好坏,将给予奖励或惩罚 。
3 account for这个词的意思比较多,归纳起来,有以下用法:
1) 解释,说明。例如:she was unable to account for '5000她无法解释那5000美元的去处 。
2) 是……产生的原因,解释为什么有(某种情况)。例如:the police tried to account for the blood spot警察试图解释这血迹是怎么来的。
3) 占。例如: students account for 50% of our customers 在我们的顾客中,学生占了一半。
the tuition accounts for two thirds of his income 学费占了他三分之一的收入。
4 act out 表示表演出来比划着(用手势及语言表演或表达)”的意思。
例如:the children were told to act out their favorite story孩子们被要求表演他们最喜爱的故事。
the football fan is trying to act out the match he saw on tv这个足球迷正试图连比带划地把他在电视上看到的比赛讲出来。
说到表演,则使人想起一个与之意思相关的另一个词组,也是高中阶段常用的词组之一,那就是"act as",意思是充当,担任,扮演……的角色。例如:she acted as a princess in the short play她在这部短剧中扮演公主。many college students act as guides during their summer vacation许多大学生在暑假里担任导游。
5 add to add to中的add是不及物动词,to为介词,一起构成及物动词词组,表示增加,增添的意思。
例如:they also raise fish and poultry, thus adding to the total income他们还养鱼,饲养家禽以增加收入。
her son's death added to the old lady's sadness这位老妇人因儿子之死而更加悲伤。
注意区别它与add…to以及add up to 的不同含义。add…to的意思是把……加到……上去。例如:would you please add a few notes to the article请您给这篇文章加几条注释好吗而add up to的意思是加起来等于,总计达。其中,add是不及物动词,up是副词,to是介词,一起构成及物动词词组。例如:the various building programs add up to several thousand new homes各种各样的建筑项目构筑成了几千座新屋the total figures add up to 270总数加起来是270。
6 adventure与venture
这两个词都有冒险的意思,都可用作名词和动词。那么它们之间究竟有何不同呢adventure多用于褒义场合,指危险中非常激动人心的经历。
例如:he talked about his adventure in the desert他讲述了他在沙漠中的一些冒险经历。
venture主要用于商业上的冒险和投机活动,特别指那些不是一下子发迹就是输得精光的投机活动。作动词时,还可表示冒昧,敢于的意思。
例如;one lucky venture in australia made his name overnight在澳洲一次幸运的投机使他一夜成名。
i venture to say that by the year 2500 there will be men living on the moon我敢说,到公元2500年会有人在月球上居住。
7 afford 高中课文中出现的与此单词组成的词组是afford sb sth,表示提供某人某物。
例如:those efforts afforded us useful experience这些努力使我们得到了一些有益的经验。these activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。
在很多场合,afford表示有经济条件做某事。
例如:before liberation many people could not afford to send their children to school解放前很多人由于付不起学费而不能送孩子上学。
in those days we were too poor to afford medical treatment那时候我们太穷,治不起病。
8 agree to表示同意某一建议,安排等,意思接近consent to。
例如:we agreed to their suggestion我们同意了他们的建议。
under no circumstances can we agree to such a principle在任何情况下我们都不会同意这一原则。
注意:在agree后接不同介词,词义会有所不同,如:agree with,表示同意某人的意见,我们可以说:i quite agree with him我完全同意他的意见。又如: agree on或agree upon,它表示在某一点上取得或具有相同意见,可以说:they finally agreed upon the terms of the contract他们最后就合同的条文达成了协议。i don't agree with you on many things在许多问题上我同你的意见有分歧。
9 aim at提到"aim at"这个词组,便会使人想到"aim for"这一词组,两者都表示目的是,旨在的意思,但也存在一些细微的区别。aim at 是动介型短语动词,其后可接名词,代词或动名词。它除了表示目的是,旨在的意思外,还有瞄准之意。
例如:he aimed at the lion and fired but missed it他对准狮子开枪,但没有击中。
he picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。
又如:we are aiming at a 50% increase in production我们打算使产量增长百分之五十。
10 allow allow 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词(多用于及物动词),它主要有三种意义:
1)(1) 允许;许可(1) 跟名词,动名词或代词。
例如:we cannot allow such a thing对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。
(2) 跟名(代)词+不定式。
例如:please allow me to congratulate you on your success请允许我祝贺你的成功。
(3) 跟名词(代词)+副词
the doorman allowed us in one by one看门人让我们一个一个地进去。
2) 给予; 让……有how much money does your father allow you for books你父亲给你多少钱买书
they allowed us twenty minutes for lunch他们给我们二十分钟的时间吃午饭。
3) 承认(1) 跟名词或代词the judge allowed the claim法官同意了这一要求
(2) 跟从句the officer allowed that it was an american tank那军官承认这是一辆美国制造的坦克。
(3) 跟带不定式的复合结构you must allow yourself to be in the wrong你必需认错。
表示允许的词很多,比如: permit,let,admit等。下面我们来看一看它们之间的差别。allow指“听凭”,“不禁止”,含有消极的意味。例如:my parents do not allow me to go out at night我父母不允许我晚上出去。permit指正式地“允许”或根据法律规定“许可”, 比allow来得积极。例如:smoking is not permitted in the cinema**院内禁止吸烟。试比较:hunting is allowed in this area, though not officially permitted这个地区是可以狩猎的,尽管法律上不允许。而let表示“允许”、“让”,指不予以阻止或反对,它比allow更具有口语色彩。
11 answer for "answer for" 与 "answer to" 是两个比较容易混淆的词组。这两个词都是动介型短语动词,介词后接名词或代词作宾语。answer for是“对……负责”、“因……(错误)而负责”的意思。
例如:do you think parents should have to answer for their children's behavior你是否认为父母应对子女的行为负责
you will have to answer for your wrongdoing one day终有一天会你会为你的错误行动付出代价。
而"answer to"是“适应,符合”和“与……一致”等意思。
that answers precisely to our need这正好符合我们的需要。
this is the answer to the question这就是问题的答案。
12 a number of表示数量短语,意思是“若干,许多,大量”,其后一般接复数可数名词。
例如:a number of scholars have done the experiment许多学者已做了这项实验。
a number of new products have been trial-produced许多新品已试制出来了。
注意区别它与the number of的不同用法。the number of是一名词短语,意为“……的数目”。复数的形式为the numbers of。 作主语时,谓语动词应随the number的单复数变化。例如:the number of students is increasing学生人数正在不断增加。the numbers of the machine parts are not available这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
13 apply for apply for是一个大家都很熟悉的词语,意思是“申请,请求”。
例如:i want to apply for the position我想申请这个职位。
如果把这个词组中的for改为to,那么又是什么含义呢 “apply to”可以表示“敷上,涂上”。
例如:apply some medicine to his wound在他的伤口上敷一些药。它还可用来表示“努力,专心”,相当于 “devote…to”。
例如:he applied himself to the research他很卖力地做此项研究。
14 ask for表示“请求得到,请求见到”或“需要”等意。
例如:if you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice你要是碰到困难,要赶紧向人请教。
they all asked for the job他们都要求做这项工作。
a young man was here earlier, asking for mary一位年轻人刚刚来过这里,说要见玛丽。
the matter asks for immediate attention这件事需要立即处理。
ask是一个使用频率较高的字,在高中阶段,ask after 与ask about 也是常常容易弄错的词组。请注意它们的区别。这两个词组都表示“问候,问起”的意思。但在意义上稍有不同。ask after 一般只指对第三者的问候,ask about则既可代替ask after 指对第三者的问候,也可用来表示对对方的直接问候。例如:he asked after your health 他向你问候。he asked about me when i met him yesterday我昨天碰到他时,他问起我的情况。
15 at all与after all这两个是介词短语,都在句中作状语,起加强语气的作用,但其用法和意义是有区别的。前者常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。用于否定句时,表示“根本”;用于条件句时,译为“当真,实在”。
例如:i didn't understand him at all 当时,我根本不明白他的意思。
if you want to keep your job at all, do it well若你要保住这份工作,就得好好做。
after all常常用来表示“毕竟,终究”的意思。
don't blame him, he is a little boy after all别责备他了,他毕竟还是个孩子。
so you see i am right after all你看,终究还是我对。
16 at a time作“一次,每次”讲,常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。
例如:enter two at a time每次进来两人。
he checked them off one at a time as they came in他们进来时,他一个一个地核对。
注意它与at one time 的区别。at one time一般指“过去某一时期,曾一度(once)”或“同时”的意思。如表示“同时”,则两者可通用。例如:at one time i used to like her, but not any more我曾一度很喜欢他,现在可不喜欢了。
讲内容是以字母n开始的短语辨析
1、near, nearly
near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:it is nearly ten o'clock 差不多十点钟了。dinner is nearly ready 晚饭就要好了。i was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing 我几乎丧命,真悬。there are nearly enough people here to do the job 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。
near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:don't go far away; stay somewhere near 别走远,就在附近呆着。the spring festival is drawing near 春节即将来临。
注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头)
2、necessary, necessity
necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:these are our necessaries of life 这些是我们的生活必需品。the shop is selling daily necessaries 那个商店正在出售日用品。air is a necessity 空气是必需品。good maps are a necessity to travellers 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。
necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:there is no necessity for me to do this 我没有做这件事的必要。he feels the necessity to have an outing 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。
3、near to, next to
near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:it's getting near to our spring festival 春节快要到了。the chemical works is built too near to us 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。as we got near to the town it began to snow 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。the girl came and sat next to me 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。the two cinemas are next to each other 这两个**院靠得很近。i don't like wool next to my skin 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。
next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:i knew next to nothing about the matter 对这件事我几乎一无所知。next to dancing, i like playing the guitar 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。new york is the largest city next to london 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。
4、no morethan, not morethan
no morethan等于notany more than,意为“同一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:a fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。i am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。
no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:there are no more than ten tickets left 仅剩下十张票。
not more than等于lessthan或not soas,表示“不及,不如;不比更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:it goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。
not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)"的意思。例如:i read not more than twenty pages every day 我每天最多读二十页书。the reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。
5、no one else, no other one
这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:there is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect 在这方面无人能比得上他。no other one(or: no one else) knows about it 再没有别的人知道这件事。
值得注意的是, else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:what else did she say 她还说了什么?it must have been somewhere else 肯定是在其他什么地方。you should put your honor above all else 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。not much else is known 其他都不清楚。
other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:i am studying maxism-leninism, mathematics and other subjects 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。
注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:i don't want any books else(= i don't want any other books) 我再不需要其他书了。
6、no use, of no use
这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说this book is use只能说:this book is of use或者:this book is useful再例如:this book is (of) no use 这本书没有用。complaining is (of) no use 抱怨是没有用的。
of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:this reference material is of no use to us (= this reference material isn't useful to us) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。this medicine is of no use to your cold 这种药对你的感冒没有用。
注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:
reading without remembering is no use
reading without remembering is of no use
it is no use reading without remembering
it is of no use reading without remembering
there is no use in / of reading without remembering读而不记是没有用的。
7、none, no one
none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:none of the passengers were aware of the danger 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。none of us are interested in the story 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。none of the money was ever recorded 一点钱都没有得到。
no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:no one was killed in that battle 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。apart from him, i had no one to talk to 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。
8、now that, only that 这是两个由“连词+that"组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that"而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味,因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:now that jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。
only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:he would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。i have nothing against him, only that i dislike his manner 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。he often praises others only that he may be praised 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。
9、no tailor, not a tailor
no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时,两者均表示“没有一个裁缝”,可以替换用。如下列两句都表示“没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作”:no tailor wants to take this jobnot a tailor wants to take this job
当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后,充当表语时,两者意义完全不同。前者表示“不懂裁缝,决不是裁缝”,指某人不具备当裁缝的条件,是外行,无资格做裁缝;后者“不是个裁缝”,指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较:don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you i'm no tailor 别叫我为你改短裤子,我不懂裁缝。you're mistaken! he is not a tailor he has a job as a barber 你弄错了!他不是个裁缝,他是个理发师。
no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有:she is no cook she will probably get all the food from a restaurant 她不会做饭,她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。this is no joke i am no judge 这决不是开玩笑的事,我根本没有审理的资格。
10、noise, sound, voice
noise表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如:the noise of the street kept me awake 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。the noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。
sound表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如:all of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?
voice表示“嗓音”,一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。例如:the little girl has a beautiful voice 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。the singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。
11、not to say, not to speak of
这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作“虽不能说,即使不能说”解,表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作“更不用说,更不待言”解,相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如:it is rather cool, not to say cold 天气虽不能说冷,但也算是相当凉了。he sounded impolite, not to say rude 他那样说话,即使不算粗鲁,也是不礼貌的。she knows german and french, not to speak of english 她懂德文和法文,更不用说英文了。he cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat 他连面包也无钱买,更不用说鱼和肉了。
下一讲,我们将学习以字母o开始的短语辨析。
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