大力神赫拉克勒斯是什么样的神

大力神赫拉克勒斯是一个乐于助人，有正义感的神。有一段简介：阿尔克墨涅生下一对孪生子，大儿子是宙斯的儿子，起名为阿尔喀得斯，小儿子是安律特律翁的儿子，起名为伊菲克勒斯。阿尔喀得斯成了希腊最伟大的英雄。后来女预言家皮提亚赐给他赫拉克勒斯这一名字，原文意思“因受赫拉迫害而建立功绩者”。

Heracles was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus (Ζεύς) and Alcmene, foster son of Amphitryon[4] and great-grandson (and half-brother) of Perseus (∏ερσεύς) He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity, the ancestor of royal clans who claimed to be Heracleidae (Ἡρακλεῖδαι) and a champion of the Olympian order against chthonic monsters In Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman Emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves The Romans adopted the Greek version of his life and works essentially unchanged, but added anecdotal detail of their own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Central Mediterranean Details of his cult were adapted to Rome as well

Extraordinary strength, courage, ingenuity, and sexual prowess with both males and females were among his characteristic attributes Although he was not as clever as the likes of Odysseus or Nestor, Heracles used his wits on several occasions when his strength did not suffice, such as when laboring for the king Augeas of Elis, wrestling the giant Antaeus, or tricking Atlas into taking the sky back onto his shoulders Together with Hermes he was the patron and protector of gymnasia and palaestrae[5] His iconographic attributes are the lion skin and the club These qualities did not prevent him from being regarded as a playful figure who used games to relax from his labors and played a great deal with children[6] By conquering dangerous archaic forces he is said to have "made the world safe for mankind" and to be its benefactor[7] Heracles was an extremely passionate and emotional individual, capable of doing both great deeds for his friends (such as wrestling with Thanatos on behalf of Prince Admetus, who had regaled Heracles with his hospitality, or restoring his friend Tyndareus to the throne of Sparta after he was overthrown) and being a terrible enemy who would wreak horrible vengeance on those who crossed him, as Augeas, Neleus and Laomedon all found out to their cost

Many popular stories were told of his life, the most famous being The Twelve Labours of Heracles; Alexandrian poets of the Hellenistic age drew his mythology into a high poetic and tragic atmosphere[8] His figure, which initially drew on Near Eastern motifs such as the lion-fight, was known everywhere: his Etruscan equivalent was Hercle, a son of Tinia and Uni

Heracles was the greatest of Hellenic chthonic heroes, but unlike other Greek heroes, no tomb was identified as his Heracles was both hero and god, as Pindar says heroes theos; at the same festival sacrifice was made to him, first as a hero, with a chthonic libation, and then as a god, upon an altar: thus he embodies the closest Greek approach to a "demi-god"[8] The core of the story of Heracles has been identified by Walter Burkert as originating in Neolithic hunter culture and traditions of shamanistic crossings into the netherworld[9]

Hero or god

Heracles' role as a culture hero, whose death could be a subject of mythic telling (see below), was accepted into the Olympian Pantheon during Classical times This created an awkwardness in the encounter with Odysseus in the episode of Odyssey XI, called the Nekuia, where Odysseus encounters Heracles in Hades:

And next I caught a glimpse of powerful Heracles—

His ghost I mean: the man himself delights

in the grand feasts of the deathless gods on high

Around him cries of the dead rang out like cries of birds

scattering left and right in horror as on he came like night"[10]

Ancient critics were aware of the problem of the aside that interrupts the vivid and complete description, in which Heracles recognizes Odysseus and hails him, and modern critics find very good reasons for denying that the verses beginning, in Fagles' translation His ghost I mean were part of the original composition: "once people knew of Heracles' admission to Olympus, they would not tolerate his presence in the underworld", remarks Friedrich Solmsen,[11] noting that the interpolated verses represent a compromise between conflicting representations of Heracles

It is also said that when Heracles died he shed his mortal skin, which went down to the underworld and he went up to join the gods for being the greatest hero ever known

Christian dating

In Christian circles a Euhemerist reading of the widespread Heracles cult was attributed to a historical figure who had been offered cult status after his death Thus Eusebius, Preparation of the Gospel (1012), reported that Clement could offer historical dates for Hercules as a king in Argos: "from the reign of Hercules in Argos to the deification of Hercules himself and of Asclepius there are comprised thirty-eight years, according to Apollodorus the chronicler: and from that point to the deification of Castor and Pollux fifty-three years: and somewhere about this time was the capture of Troy"

Readers with a literalist bent, following Clement's reasoning, have asserted from this remark that, since Heracles ruled over Tiryns in Argos at the same time that Eurystheus ruled over Mycenae, and since at about this time Linus was Heracles' teacher, one can conclude, based on Jerome's date—in his universal history, his Chronicon—given to Linus' notoriety in teaching Heracles in 1264 BC, that Heracles' death and deification occurred 38 years later, in approximately 1226 BC

Birth and childhood

Herakles as a boy strangling a snake (Marble, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE)A major factor in the well-known tragedies surrounding Heracles is the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him A full account of Heracles must render it clear why Heracles was so tormented by Hera, when there are many illegitimate offspring sired by Zeus Heracles was the son of the affair Zeus had with the mortal woman Alcmene Zeus made love to her after disguising himself as her husband, Amphitryon, home early from war (Amphitryon did return later the same night, and Alcmene became pregnant with his son at the same time, a case of heteropaternal superfecundation, where a woman carries twins sired by different fathers)[12] Thus, Heracles' very existence proved at least one of Zeus' many illicit affairs, and Hera often conspired against Zeus' mortal offspring, as revenge for her husband's infidelities His twin mortal brother, son of Amphitryon was Iphicles, father of Heracles' charioteer Iolaus

On the night the twins Heracles and Iphicles were to be born, Hera, knowing of her husband Zeus' adultery, persuaded Zeus to swear an oath that the child born that night to a member of the House of Perseus would be High King Hera did this knowing that while Heracles was to be born a descendant of Perseus, so too was Eurystheus Once the oath was sworn, Hera hurried to Alcmene's dwelling and slowed the birth of Heracles by forcing Ilithyia, goddess of childbirth, to sit crosslegged with her clothing tied in knots, thereby causing Heracles to be trapped in the womb Meanwhile, Hera caused Eurystheus to be born prematurely, making him High King in place of Heracles She would have permanently delayed Heracles' birth had she not been fooled by Galanthis, Alcmene's servant, who lied to Ilithyia, saying that Alcmene had already delivered the baby Upon hearing this, she jumped in surprise, untying the knots and inadvertently allowing Alcmene to give birth to her twins, Heracles and Iphicles

The child was originally given the name Alcides by his parents; it was only later that he became known as Heracles[4] He was renamed Heracles in an unsuccessful attempt to mollify Hera A few months after he was born, Hera sent two serpents to kill him as he lay in his cot Heracles throttled a snake in each hand and was found by his nurse playing with their limp bodies as if they were child's toys

Youth

After killing his music tutor Linus with a lyre, he was sent to tend cattle on a mountain by his foster father Amphitryon Here, according to an allegorical parable, "The Choice of Heracles", invented by the sophist Prodicus (ca 400 BC) and reported in Xenophon's Memorabilia 2121-34, he was visited by two nymphs—Pleasure and Virtue—who offered him a choice between a pleasant and easy life or a severe but glorious life: he chose the latter

Later in Thebes, Heracles married King Creon's daughter, Megara In a fit of madness, induced by Hera, Heracles killed his children by Megara After his madness had been cured with hellebore by Antikyreus, the founder of Antikyra,[13] he realized what he had done and fled to the Oracle of Delphi Unbeknownst to him, the Oracle was guided by Hera He was directed to serve King Eurystheus for ten years and perform any task, which he required Eurystheus decided to give Heracles ten labours but after completing them, he said he cheated and added two more, resulting in the Twelve Labors of Heracles

Labours of Heracles

The fight of Heracles and the Nemean lion is one of his most famous feats (Side B from an black-figure Attic amphora, ca 540 BCE)

His 11th feat was to capture the apple of Hesperides (Gilded bronze, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE)Main article: Labours of Hercules

Driven mad by Hera, Heracles slew his own children To expiate the crime, Heracles was required to carry out ten labors set by his archenemy, Eurystheus, who had become king in Heracles' place If he succeeded, he would be purified of his sin and, as myth says, he would be granted immortality Heracles accomplished these tasks, but Eurystheus did not accept the cleansing of the Augean stables because Heracles was going to accept pay for the labor Neither did he accept the killing of the Lernaean Hydra as Heracles' cousin, Ioloas, had helped him burn the stumps of the heads Eurysteus set two more tasks (fetching the Golden Apples of Hesperides and capturing Cerberus), which Heracles performed successfully, bringing the total number of tasks up to twelve

赫拉克勒斯不但力气大而且非常有正义感敢作敢为对。

内容节选：许多年来，普罗米修斯一直被锁在那个可怕的悬崖上有一天，著名的大力士赫拉克勒斯经过高加索山。他看到普罗米修斯被锁在悬崖上，心中愤愤不平，便挽弓搭箭，射死了那只鹫鹰，又用石头砸碎了锁链。普罗米修斯——这位敢于从天上“盗”取火种的英雄，终于获得了自由。

简介：

赫拉克勒斯，是古希腊神话中最伟大的英雄。神王宙斯与阿尔克墨涅之子，天生力大无穷。但由于其出身而被宙斯的妻子赫拉所憎恶，因此遭到赫拉的诅咒，导致其在疯狂中杀害了自己的孩子。

为了赎罪，他完成了12项“不可能完成”的任务。途中还解救了被缚的普罗米修斯，隐藏身份参加了伊阿宋的英雄探险队，并协助伊阿宋取得金羊毛。

Melqart（也称为Melkarth 或Melicarthus）是重要的腓尼基神和提尔城的守护神。与君主制、海洋、殖民和商业企业有关，无论在国内外，这位神都是腓尼基宗教的重要人物，尽管仍然有些神秘。与其他腓尼基众神和他们的文化一样，腓尼基人本身的第一手资料很少，崇拜和神话的细节也非常缺乏。历史学家不得不将来自当代文化的信息碎片拼凑起来，以及可以从腓尼基发现的东西的殖民地。尽管如此，腓尼基人在古代地中海的两个直接继承文化：希腊和迦太基，对神的崇敬证明了梅尔卡特的地位。

梅尔卡特协会

虽然巴尔、艾尔和巴拉特是腓尼基其他城市的重要神灵，但梅尔卡特被认为是提尔万神殿的领袖。事实上，他的名字的意思是“城市之王”（melekqart），他被称为Baal de Sor或“提尔之王”。此外，梅尔卡特还具有阿多尼斯和埃什蒙的一些特征，因为他是每年佩里蒂亚月（2 月至 3 月）的复活节的焦点，在这个节日中，用火或神的形象来献祭。神被仪式烧毁。因此，他的另一个名字是“天堂之火”。

腓尼基人认为梅尔卡特代表君主制，也许国王甚至代表神，反之亦然，使两者合而为一。统治者以类似的术语 mlk-qrt 为人所知，希伯来先知以西结批评推罗的国王认为自己是地球上的神。梅尔卡特也是海洋、生育、狩猎和殖民的守护神。此外，作为腓尼基人从骨螺贝类中提取的染料的发现者（在他的配偶 Tyros 的帮助下），他负责城市的商业成功，他们用它来制造著名的紫色布料。

MELQART神庙曾被希罗多德 (HERODOTUS ) 参观过，他将其令人印象深刻的入口描述为有两根柱子，一根是金柱子，一根是绿宝石柱。

梅尔卡特的寺庙和崇拜

公元前 10 世纪希拉姆统治期间，这位神在提尔有一座以他的名字供奉的经久不衰的神庙。这似乎是 Melqart 进入他自己的时期，因为在公元前 10 世纪之前没有提到神。在神的殿外，在一个特制的祭坛上，祭祀包括祈祷、烧香、浇酒，以及向动物祭祀、食品和贵重物品之神献祭。此外，由木头（aserah）或石头（betyl）制成的奉献柱被放置在祭坛上。这些上面刻有祈祷文，并在节日里用鲜花和树枝装饰。女性梅尔卡特神庙的神圣区域不允许外国人、猪和猪进入，该区域也是城市的金库。

Melqart 的寺庙在公元前 5 世纪被希罗多德著名地访问过，他将其令人印象深刻的入口描述为有两根柱子，一根是金柱子，一根是祖母绿柱（Bk 2:44）。这位希腊历史学家继续说梅尔卡特里面有一座坟墓，支持了这样的理论，即，由于他参与了这座城市的创始神话，也许梅尔卡特是以历史人物为基础的。其他古典作家说梅尔卡特的坟墓在西班牙南部。公元前 4 世纪，亚历山大大帝希望在寺庙的祭坛上献祭，但祭司拒绝将这一权利授予外国人，即使是非常有权势的人。

在特殊的危险时期，例如战争或自然灾害，还会在一个特殊的地点，即tophet，一个带有祭坛和用于火化受害者遗体的坟墓的大围场，献祭，主要是儿童，以安抚Melqart 。没有考古遗迹一的生存垃圾场腓尼基本身，而是在古代资料参考和他们的存在在几个腓尼基殖民地建议有可能是在轮胎这样的地方。

与后来的希腊和罗马神庙不同，腓尼基人似乎没有创造出巨大的神像雕塑，这种做法甚至可能被禁止。相反，在他的寺庙里，梅尔卡特被永恒的火所代表，这是重生的象征。然而，梅尔卡特在提尔的晚期硬币上被描绘成海神，在那里他骑着海马体。

腓尼基外的梅尔卡特

由于提尔坚持每一个新的殖民地都为梅尔卡特建造一座神庙，这位神被出口到地中海，因此帮助与祖国建立了持久的宗教和政治联系。他在塞浦路斯的Tharos 和 Kition 尤其受到崇拜，后者还铸造了印有泰尔赞助人形象的硬币。（wwwLishixinzhiCom）这位神在迦太基非常重要，那里的石碑表明有一座寺庙供奉他。在接下来的几个世纪里，迦太基人还必须每年向提尔的梅尔卡特神庙送去他们年利润的十分之一的贡品。在公元前 3 世纪，有影响力的迦太基 Barcid 氏族特别热衷于梅尔卡特 (Melqart)。汉尼拔同样，著名的还有在公元前 237 年向神宣誓，当时他 9 岁，他说他将永远是罗马的敌人。汉尼拔也不是唯一一位将自己神化并化为神的迦太基将军。

言归正传，梅尔卡特可能在圣经的几个段落中与巴力混淆，例如，在列王纪上 16:31-2 中描述亚哈王的罪行时。Melqart 出现在叙利亚阿勒颇附近发现的公元前 9 世纪石碑上的铭文中。它用亚拉姆语写成，由叙利亚-赫梯王国亚兰的国王巴哈达献礼。

希腊赫拉克勒斯-梅尔卡特

从公元前 4 世纪起，希腊人，曾经的文化喜鹊，将梅尔卡特视为他们自己的神圣英雄赫拉克勒斯，因此，他成为希腊世界流行崇拜的对象。同样，希腊人将阿斯塔特变成了阿斯特里亚-阿佛洛狄忒，她被认为是梅尔卡特的母亲。Melqart 也可能是希腊神话人物 Melicertes 的起源，他与大海有联系，后来被称为 Palaemon 或“摔跤手”，赫拉克勒斯的绰号之一。赫拉克勒斯 (Hercules) 的 12 项功课使这位英雄走得更远，这可能是希腊人试图解释整个地中海腓尼基殖民地的存在。当然，像Gades（还有 Gadir、现代Cadiz）这样的城市) 和迦太基被认为是由 Hercules-Melqart 以某种方式建立的，这无疑源自腓尼基人在新殖民地建造一座庙宇的原始做法。

公元 4 世纪的埃及-希腊历史学家 Nonnos 在他的《狄俄尼索斯》中讲述了一个有趣的故事，他声称这是非常古老的。有一天，神告诉赫拉克勒斯-梅尔卡特，他要在海中拥有一群漂浮的小岩石，上面长着一棵橄榄树，树枝上坐着一只鹰。赫拉克勒斯-梅尔卡特遵照执行，砍伐树木，捕捉鸟，将岩石固定在一个固定位置，从而建立了提尔市。这或许可以解释赫里多德提到提尔梅尔卡特神庙中的一棵橄榄树。有趣的是，西班牙加德斯的梅尔卡特神庙也有一棵神圣的橄榄树，据说是用黄金制成的，并用祖母绿装饰。此外，推罗圣殿的双柱和两根铜盖德斯神庙外的柱子代表了地中海东端的大力神之柱？与腓尼基人一样，信息有限，猜测盛行。

在马耳他，有一座神庙供奉大力士-梅尔卡特，还有两座可追溯到公元前 2 世纪的希腊-布匿石碑，仍然称这位神为“我们的主梅尔卡特，提尔之王”。在西班牙，铭文中描述了对 Reshef-Melqart 的崇拜，Reshef 是腓尼基人的火和闪电之神。

Hercules-Melqart 在罗马时期仍然很重要。Gades 的寺庙特别有名，Melqart 在Trajan和Hadrian统治期间声望得到提升，这两者并非巧合，都是西班牙血统。该邪教被授予帝国地位，硬币上印有他的形象。最后，随着基督教的发展，赫拉克勒斯-梅尔卡特逐渐消失在宗教背景中，并与太阳建立了更温和的联系。

送给赫拉克勒斯青铜盾的是雅典娜。赫拉克勒斯，是古希腊神话中最伟大的英雄。是主神宙斯与阿尔克墨涅之子。赫拉克勒斯的剑是赫尔墨斯给的，弓是阿波罗给的，赫菲斯托斯给了他金箭袋，喀戎给了他黄金之箭，雅典娜给了他青铜盾。

赫拉克勒斯简介

赫拉克勒斯，是古希腊神话中最伟大的英雄。是主神宙斯与阿尔克墨涅之子，因其出身而受到宙斯的妻子赫拉的憎恶。他神勇无比、力大无穷，后来他完成了12项被誉为“不可能完成”的任务，除此之外他还解救了被缚的普罗米修斯。

他还隐藏身份参加了伊阿宋的英雄冒险队并协助他取得金羊毛。赫拉克勒斯英明一世，却最终遭第二任妻子误会，并在他的衣服上涂了毒，难耐痛苦而自焚身亡，死后升入奥林匹斯圣山，成为大力神，他惩恶扬善，敢于斗争。

按照宙斯的意志，他成了奥林匹斯的神，赫拉与他和解，把青春女神赫柏给他为妻。

赫拉克勒斯是主神宙斯的儿子。他长大后完成12件功绩。《张弓的赫拉克勒斯》描述的是他第六件功绩。他弯弓搭箭射杀怪鸟的一瞬。

第六件功绩 赶走斯廷法罗湖上的怪鸟；

这是一种巨大的猛禽，铁翼，铁嘴，铁爪，十分厉害。它们栖息在阿耳卡狄亚的斯廷法罗斯湖畔。它们抖落的羽毛犹如射出的飞箭，它们的铁嘴甚至能够啄破青铜盾，在那儿它们伤害了无数的人畜。

赫拉克勒斯动身前往斯廷法罗斯湖，不久，来到四周是密林的湖畔。一群怪鸟在林中惊恐地飞来飞去，好像害怕被狼吃了似的。赫拉克勒斯眼睁睁地看着鸟在空中飞，却无法制服它们。突然，他感到有人在肩膀上轻轻地拍了一下，回头一看，原来是雅典娜，她交给他两面大铜钹，那是赫淮斯托斯为她制造的。她教赫拉克勒斯怎样使用铜钹驱赶怪鸟。说完话，她突然不见了。于是，赫拉克勒斯在湖旁爬上一座小山，使劲敲起铜钹恐吓怪鸟，它们经受不了这刺耳的声音，都仓皇地飞出树林。赫拉克勒斯乘此机会，弯弓搭箭，连射几箭，几只怪鸟应声落地，其余的也急忙飞走。它们飞越大海，一直飞到阿瑞蒂亚岛，从此再也没有回来。

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希腊神话小故事