阿拉法特是恐怖分子还是和平之父

亚西尔·阿拉法特（阿拉伯语：ياسر عرفات‎，1929年8月24日－2004年11月11日），全名拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉乌夫·阿拉法特·古德瓦·侯赛尼（阿拉伯语：محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني‎）。逊尼派穆斯林，中东政治家，军事爆破专家。巴勒斯坦国总统、巴民族权力机构主席、巴解执委会主席[1] 。他是1994年诺贝尔和平奖的获得者之一。[2]   20世纪50年代，他在科威特秘密筹建“巴勒斯坦民族解放运动”及其军事组织“暴风”突击队。第三次中东战争后，阿拉法特一直流亡海外1969年2月，阿拉法特开始担任巴解组织执委会主席，并从1971年起兼任巴勒斯坦革命武装力量总司令。1988年11月巴勒斯坦国宣布建立，次年4月2日阿拉法特当选为首任总统。1994年7月，阿拉法特结束27年的流亡生活，回加沙定居。1996年1月当选为巴勒斯坦民族权力机构主席。2004年11月11日11时58分，阿拉法特在巴黎逝世。阿拉法特总统曾多次访问中国，是中国人民的老朋友[3] 。  2012年7月，瑞士一家研究机构称在阿拉法特的遗物中发现了放射性元素钋的痕迹。2013年10月13日，英国世界权威医学杂志《柳叶刀》刊登了瑞士科学家的有关调查报告，证实阿拉法特系放射性元素钋210中毒死亡。[4] 2013年11月8日，巴勒斯坦官方证实，前***阿拉法特为“非自然死亡”。

　　符合这个条件的人其实有很多，但是最著名的应该是阿拉法特。

　　亚西尔·阿拉法特，全名:拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉乌夫·阿拉法特·古德瓦·侯赛尼(阿拉伯语:محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني‎，1929年8月24日-2004年11月11日)，逊尼派穆斯林，中东政治家，军事爆破专家。

　　阿拉法特曾参加1948年第一次中东战争，1956年第二次中东战争。1959年建立巴解组织最大派别法塔赫并担任***，1967-1973年作为巴勒斯坦***参与第三、四次中东战争。1988年巴勒斯坦国成立并与中国建交，1989年当选为巴勒斯坦总统，期间转变对以色列的策略主张和平，于1993年获得联合国教科文组织授予的"博瓦尼和平奖"，并获得1994年"诺贝尔和平奖"。

　　萨达姆·侯赛因

　　萨达姆·侯赛因(1937～ 2006) 身高1米86，体重90公斤。

　　Saddam Hussein

　　伊拉克总统，革命指挥委员会主席，武装部队总司令，阿拉伯复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构总书记(1979～)。1937年4月28日生于萨拉赫丁提克里特。1957年加入阿拉伯复兴党。1960年2月入开罗大学学习法律。1963年2月复兴党执政后，回国任复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构成员。同年11月阿里夫推翻复兴党政权，1964年10月被捕，两年后越狱。1968年复兴党再次执政后，出任革命指挥委员会副主席、复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构副总书记。1976年1月晋升为上将。1979年任伊拉克总统(同时行使总理职权)、革命指挥委员会主席、武装部队总司令、阿拉伯复兴党伊拉克地区领导机构总书记等职。1979年8月被授予参谋元帅军衔。在他任职期间，1974年爆发政府军与库尔德游击队的战斗，因库尔德游击队得到伊朗和美国的支持，伊拉克政府军在战场上失利，危及到阿拉伯复兴党政权。1975年3月与伊朗签订《阿尔及尔协议》，作出放弃阿拉伯水道的部分传统领有权和部分领土的让步。在伊朗撤销支持后，库尔德游击队的“叛乱”被镇压下去。这一事件种下了两伊冲突的祸根。1980年9月，萨达姆趁伊朗政局动荡，派兵进攻伊朗，并宣布废除《阿尔及尔协议》，两伊战争爆发。1987年，鉴于伊拉克军队在战场上已占上风，占领了部分伊朗领土，萨达姆宣布接受联合国安理会关于两伊立即停火的决议。1990年8月2日，萨达姆以“消灭腐朽的反动的君主专制政权”、“解放科威特人民”为口号，命令伊拉克军队越过边界入侵科威特，数小时后占领科威特首都科威特市，海湾战争爆发。8月8日，伊拉克革命指挥委员会宣布，科威特与伊拉克合并。8月28日，萨达姆发布命令，宣布科威特为伊拉克的第19991年2月23日，美国、英国、法国、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和科威特的军队向伊拉克军队发动联合进攻，伊拉克军队全线崩溃。2月26日萨达姆命令伊拉克军队撤出科威特。27日宣布接受联合国安理会一切决议。萨达姆发动海湾战争，使伊拉克蒙受重大的人员伤亡和经济损失。海湾战争后，萨达姆采取频繁更换军队要员和任用亲信的手段维护自己的统治。著有《我们建设社会主义的特殊道路》、《我们为阿拉伯人和人类而战》、《我们要的是一个独立、解放和社会主义的伊拉克》、《关于革命、妇女和青年》等。

　　萨达姆·侯赛因1937年4月出生在萨拉赫丁省提克里特的一个农民家庭，自幼丧父，靠叔父抚养成人。萨达姆18岁就积极投身政治运动，20岁加入阿拉伯复兴社会党，并很快跻身复兴社会党***之列。

　　1960年2月，萨达姆前往埃及，在开罗大学攻读法律。此后，他在阿拉伯复兴社会党内的职务迅速提升，并长期担任党的地区领导机构副总书记职务。1969年11月，他当选为伊拉克革命指挥委员会副主席，成为伊拉克名副其实的的第二号人物。

　　1979年7月，时任伊拉克总统的贝克尔因病辞职，萨达姆顺利登上总统宝座，同时他还担任伊拉克革命指挥委员会主席、总理和阿拉伯复兴社会党地区领导机构总书记的职务，集党政军大权于一身。

　　萨达姆上台执政一年后，两伊战争爆发。历时8年的战争使伊拉克经济遭受巨大损失。1990年，萨达姆派军队入侵科威特，引发海湾战争。战争爆发后，联合国随即对伊拉克采取全面制裁。

　　萨达姆自就任伊拉克总统以来，在政坛上纵横捭阖几十载，历经战火，并一直严密地控制着政权。美军今年4月9日占领伊拉克首都巴格达后，包括萨达姆父子在内的伊拉克前高级官员突然集体“蒸发”。

　　4月11日，美军发布“扑克牌通缉令”，55名伊拉克前政府高官榜上有名。在美军和伊各政治派别的合力围捕下，萨达姆的两个儿子乌代和库赛7月22日被美军打死。“扑克牌通缉令”上的大部分伊前政府高官已先后被捕、自首或被打死，但萨达姆一直下落不明。驻伊美军曾悬赏2500万美元抓捕萨达姆。

　　2003年12月14日，萨达姆在家乡提克里特被捕。目前正被关押以接受审讯。

　　Saddam Hussein, born in 1937, authoritarian president of Iraq (1979-2003), who led Iraq into two devastating wars Hussein’s regime was characterized by brutal suppression of internal opposition Hussein was overthrown in April 2003 by a United States-led invasion He eluded capture until December when he was arrested by US forces

　　Born to a poor farming family near Tikrīt, a town north of Baghdād, Hussein was raised by his widowed mother and other relatives He moved to Baghdād in 1955 and became involved in politics, joining the opposition Baath Party, an Arab nationalist movement Hussein rose quickly within the party and in 1959 helped organize an assassination attempt on Abdul Karim Kassem, the military president of Iraq Both Kassem and Hussein were injured in the gun battle, and Hussein fled to Cairo

　　Hussein studied law in Cairo while continuing party-affiliated activities He returned to Baghdād in 1963, married, and rose to the post of assistant secretary general of the Baath Party The party remained in opposition to the government until 1968, when it seized power in a coup Years of underground work gave Hussein a small core of like-minded friends, many related to him by blood or marriage and most from Tikrīt After the coup, this clique established itself as a Revolutionary Command Council with absolute authority in the country Hussein became vice chairman of the council in 1969 He worked closely with General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, the council’s chairman and president of Iraq

　　Hussein took a leading role in addressing the country’s major domestic problems He negotiated an agreement in 1970 with separatist Kurdish leaders, giving them autonomy The agreement later broke down, leading to brutal fighting between the regime and Kurdish groups He also played a part in the nationalization of the oil industry, Iraq’s major source of wealth In 1973 oil prices skyrocketed, allowing the government to pursue an ambitious economic development program that included new schools, universities, hospitals, and factories

　　In foreign affairs, Hussein at first helped Iraq play a leading role in the Middle East In 1975 he negotiated a settlement with Iran that contained Iraqi concessions on border demarcation In return, Iran agreed to stop supporting opposition Kurds in Iraq Hussein also led Arab opposition to the 1979 Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel President al-Bakr gradually withdrew from politics during the 1970s and formally retired in 1979 Hussein became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and president of the country

　　In 1979 Iran’s government was overthrown by Islamic fundamentalists and their supporters, and Hussein feared radical Islamic ideas were spreading inside Iraq, especially among the country’s majority Shia Muslim population (Shia Islam) In September 1980 Hussein abandoned his 1975 agreement with Iran and invaded Iran After making some initial gains Iraq’s troops were stopped, and by 1982 Iraq was looking for ways to end the war Hussein reached out to other Arab governments for financial and diplomatic support and began to target the Iranian oil industry The Iranians, hoping to bring down Hussein, refused a cease-fire until 1988 During the war, Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian forces

　　The Iran-Iraq War left Iraq devastated with hundreds of thousands of casualties and a debt of about billion Still, Hussein had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs, for example, by pressuring Kuwait to forgive its share of Iraq’s debt In August 1990 Hussein sent troops into Kuwait and annexed it An international coalition led by the United States evicted Iraq in January and February of 1991 in a conflict known as the Persian Gulf War Though briefer than the Iran-Iraq War, it was equally devastating, leaving Iraq isolated and reeling from international economic sanctions

　　Despite having led Iraq into two wars and, in so doing, squandering the country’s oil wealth, Hussein succeeded in facing down all internal challenges to his rule In 1991, shortly after the end of the Persian Gulf War, Hussein suppressed an uprising among Shias in the south Kurds who rebelled in the north were saved from complete defeat only because the international community protected them Hussein’s small clique of friends and family was divided after the war, and in the following years Hussein arrested, exiled, and killed many among them who were thought to threaten his rule

　　In the mid-1990s Hussein began interfering with the work of United Nations (UN) inspection teams assigned to Iraq after the Persian Gulf War to ensure that Iraq had ceased development of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and had destroyed any stockpiles of these weapons His government insisted that the sanctions against Iraq should be lifted in return for its compliance with UN resolutions and accused the United States of seeking not to disarm Iraq but to overthrow the Iraqi regime Arguments over the inspections led to a series of international confrontations In 1998 Hussein averted conflicts in February and again in November by agreeing to allow inspections to continue However, when in December he again blocked inspections, the United States and Britain launched a four-day series of air strikes on Iraqi military and industrial targets In response, Hussein declared that Iraq would allow no further UN inspections

　　In November 2002, after months of heightened pressure from the United States and the UN, Hussein submitted to a UN resolution ordering the immediate return of weapons inspectors to Iraq However, the United States argued that Iraq was not complying fully with inspectors and was continuing to hide banned chemical and biological weapons In March 2003 US-led forces invaded Iraq with the goals of removing Hussein from power and destroying the country’s alleged stockpiles of banned weapons When Baghdād fell to US forces in April, Hussein’s regime crumbled and he went into hiding In December US forces captured Hussein at a farmhouse near Tikrīt Hiding in a concealed underground chamber, the deposed leader was apprehended without a fight Interim Iraqi leaders pledged to try Hussein for crimes against humanity See also US-Iraq War of 2003

　　伊拉克前总统萨达姆“杜贾尔村案”将在11月5日宣判，萨达姆很可能被判处绞刑。伊拉克政府正考虑在巴格达以及其他地区实行宵禁，严防可能发生的教派大屠杀。

　　伊拉克官员担心，当法庭对萨达姆的命运做出宣判时，复兴社会党成员以及其他逊尼派叛乱分子会对什叶派穆斯林聚居的社区发动袭击。

　　为防止审判结果宣布后暴力事件的爆发，伊拉克取消了所有的部队请假，命令武装力量保持高度警觉

亚西尔·阿拉法特，全名：拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉乌夫·阿拉法特·古德瓦·侯赛尼（阿拉伯语：محمد ياسر عبد الرحمن عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني‎，1929年8月24日－2004年11月11日），逊尼派穆斯林，巴勒斯坦杰出政治家，军事家，爆破专家。