英国拉斐尔前派画家沃特豪斯（John William Waterhouse）的《许拉斯和山林水仙女》（Hylas and the Nymphs）。
沃特豪斯这幅画取材于希腊神话阿耳戈众英雄远航遇险的故事，是说英雄少年许拉斯在途中去河边汲水而被众水仙拉下水淹死。沃特豪斯描画了仙女们从睡莲池塘里探出洁白的身体渴望着他，这根本就不是拉人下水，分明是轻挽柔抱，脉脉情深，亦真亦幻，观者会默然凝眸……
清清的月光照在他的脸上，照见了那绝秀俊美的面庞；水泽的宁芙（水仙女）立刻爱上了这年轻的异乡人，于是从水中露出了她们美丽的胴体，拉住他提水壶的手臂——那是他未曾听过的娇媚的声音，没有见过的令人迷惑的眼神，还有那晶莹如玉的珍珠。于是年轻的英雄被迷惑了，背弃了他的主人，宁芙们把他拉到了永远冷静清幽的世界。
充满柔媚情怀的笔触，美丽而又凄婉、甚至是冰冷的结局；谁也无法抗拒它诉说的是一个充满哀伤梦幻和诱惑魅力的故事。
此画从1897年在皇家学院展出后又于1900至1978年多次外出展示并广泛印刷，成为20世纪西方追怀理想主义艺术的代表作。
链接
许拉斯是古希腊最伟大的英雄赫拉克勒斯的同性恋伙伴，在反抗德律俄珀斯的远征时，赫拉克勒斯在一次争执中杀死了许拉斯(Hylas)的父亲Thiodamas，他带走了当时还是婴儿的许拉斯，成为了他的养父。
赫拉克勒斯将许拉斯养大成人，并且精心培养他，许拉斯长成美貌少年后，两人的关系由“养父子”一变而成为恋人。在希腊神话中这样的同性恋故事并不少见，包括宙斯在内，诸多大神都是双性恋，赫拉克勒斯和太阳神阿波罗尤其喜欢这种调调儿，希腊神话中提到的赫拉克勒斯的同性恋伙伴有十几个之多。关于赫拉克勒斯和许拉斯之间复杂的感情，诗人忒奥克里托斯(Theocritus)写道：“我们不是最先发现美的凡人，不是；甚至安菲特律翁那青铜心脏的儿子，打败了凶残的狮子，也无法自控的爱上了最美丽的男孩许拉斯——他有一头长长的卷发。赫拉克勒斯象一个父亲那样教导着许拉斯，教会他成为一个英雄必须学会的所有本领。”
赫拉克勒斯和许拉斯这对热恋的“情侣”形影不离的在一起，当伊阿宋走遍希腊各城邦，号召各地的英雄们参加寻回金羊毛的科尔基斯远征时，世上所有的英雄都积极响应，赫拉克勒斯和许拉斯也携手共同登上了“阿尔戈”大船。
然而在途中许拉斯出了事，有一天众英雄停船休息，许拉斯独自一人来到一处名为Pegae的泉水边打水，水泽仙女们惊讶于他的美丽，希望能把他留下来永远陪伴大家。情意绵绵的仙女们纷纷围拢过来，一个叫Dryope的仙女悄悄伸出左臂，围住了许拉斯的脖颈，同时右手拉住了他的肘部，悄无声息的把他往水中央拖去。觉察到不妙的许拉斯高声呼救，但等他的朋友波吕斐摩斯闻声赶到水边时，却只看到了一只青铜水罐……
听到许拉斯死去的噩耗，赫拉克勒斯像疯了一样的狂奔到水边，而水面却早已恢复了平静。赫拉克勒斯狂呼着许拉斯的名字在林间四处奔跑，很快就不知所踪，“阿尔戈”船上的英雄们等了一天也不见他归来，只得继续航程。
在沃特豪斯的笔下，水泽仙女们被描绘得美丽而纯真，尤其是下手的那位Dryope，眼神绝对的凄迷、动人。赫拉克勒斯和许拉斯的故事是“阿尔戈英雄传”里面最著名、最凄美的爱情神话，不过也从另一方面给某些常在水边走的同志们提了个醒，千万要提高警惕，不然很容易被“拉下水”！
Every Ancient Greece philosopher has built a quite complicated theory，each one of which contains much knowledge of the world Here, I would like to take a most famous figures as sample His name is Thales, the first recorded philosopher in history
Thales was born in the city-state of Miletus, visited Egypt to study religion in his early year Thales thinks the basic material that shapes the world is water Modern researchers believe, this theoretical hypothesis origins from his learning experience in Egypt As is known to all, the Nile nurtures the people of Egypt for centuries and centuries, but sometime it also brings disaster to this area, flooding thousands acres of land, and killing thousands of innocent folks As a consequence, the Egyptian culture takes focus on how to deal with furious water, thinks the God of water (whose name sounds like "nu") to be the father of other gods Thales accepted this view of the world from pure rational aspect, leaving a famous saying: "Everything comes from water, and returns to water"
工作好久，对英语都不熟悉了，写了半天。其实我原来是哲学系的，对这个问题倒是熟悉，但表达能力有点差TAT||，本来还想写赫拉克利特和德谟克利特的，但是这个英语水平还是算了吧
楼主自己查查，赫拉克利特是“火本原说”的代表，认为“世界是一团永恒的活火”；德谟克利特是开启近代科学的“原子说”的代表
泰勒斯、赫拉克利特、德谟克利特基本上展现了希腊自然哲学由原始走向成熟的道路，楼主有兴趣可以拿哲学史来读读~~ ^^
The greater the man, the more restrained his anger ( Ovid )
人越伟大，越能克制怒火。（奥维德）
It is easier to fight for principles than to live up to them( A EStevenson )
为原则而斗争容易，按原则的要求活着难。（史蒂文森）
There is nothing permanent except change ( Heracleitus )
惟有变化才是永恒的。（赫拉克利特）
Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedom must undergo the fatigue of supporting it ( T Paine )
想要收获自由之果的人，必须承受维护自由的劳苦。（潘恩）
No road of flowers lead to glory ( La Fontaine )
没有一条通向光荣的道路是铺满鲜花的。（拉封丹）
Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort
( Shakespeare )
不要只因一次挫败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。（莎士比亚）
The man who has made up his mind to win will never say " Impossible"
( Napoleon )
凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能”的。（拿破仑）
Miracles sometimes occur, but one has to work terribly for them
( C Weizmann )
奇迹有时候是会发生的，但是你得为之拼命蒂努力。（魏茨曼）
There is no such thing as darkness; only a failure to see ( Muggeridge )
没有黑暗这种东西，只有看不见而已。（马格里奇）
It never will rain roses When we want to have more roses we must plant trees ( G Eliot )
天上永远不会掉下玫瑰来，如果想要更多的玫瑰，必须自己种植。（艾略特）
Time is a bird for ever on the wing ( T W Robertson )
时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。（罗伯逊）
If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn
( Edison )
如果你年轻时不学会思考，那就永远不会。（爱迪生）
A day is a miniature of eternity ( Emerson )
一天是永恒的缩影。（爱默生）
The course of true love never did run smooth ( Shakespeare )
真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。（莎士比亚）
Love is stronger than death
爱的力量大于死亡。（《圣经》）
When I was young, I admired clever people Now that I am old, I admire kind people ( A J Heschel )
少时喜欢聪明人，老来喜欢仁厚人。（赫歇尔）
All good things are cheap, all bad things are very dear ( H D Thoreau )
一切好的东西都是便宜的，所有坏的东西都是非常贵的。（梭罗）
Patience! The windmill never strays in search of the wind ( Andy J Sklivis )
耐心等待！风车从不跑去找风。（斯克利维斯）
Morality may consist solely in the courage of making a choice ( L Blum )
品德可能仅仅在于有勇气作出抉择。（布鲁斯）
Fame usually comes to those who are thinking something else
( O W Holmes )
通常是没想到成名的人反而成了名。（霍姆斯）
The jealous are troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves
( W Penn)
妒忌者对别人是烦恼，对他们自己却是折磨。（佩恩）
If there were less sympathy in the world, there would be less trouble in the world ( O Wilde )
如果世界上少一些同情，世界上也就会少一些麻烦。（王尔德）
Many a man's reputation would not know his character if they met on the street ( E Hubbard )
许多人的名声如果在街上遇到自己的品德会互相不认识。（哈伯德）
Don't waste life in doubts and fears ( Emerson )
不要把生命浪费于怀疑与恐惧中。（爱默生）
The most exhausting thing in life is being insincere ( A M Lindbergh )
生活中最使人筋疲力尽的事是弄虚作假。（林德伯格）
It is discouraging to think how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit ( N Coward )
令人沮丧的是，有那么多人对诚实感到吃惊，而对欺骗感到吃惊的人却那么的少。
（科沃德）
A bad beginning makes a bad ending
不善始者不善终。
A bad thing never dies
遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools
不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush
一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german
吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A bully is always a coward
色厉内荏。
A burden of one's choice is not felt
爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself
蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives
猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king
人人平等。
A close mouth catches no flies
病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome
常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words
事实胜于雄辩。
Adversity leads to prosperity
穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich
逆境出人才。
A fair death honors the whole life
死得其所，流芳百世。
A faithful friend is hard to find
知音难觅。
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit
吃一堑，长一智。
A fox may grow gray, but never good
江山易改，本性难移。
A friend in need is a friend indeed
患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found
得朋友难，失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need
需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found
没有十全十美的朋友。
'After you' is good manners
“您先请”是礼貌。
A good beginning is half done
良好的开端是成功的一半。
A good beginning makes a good ending
善始者善终。
A good book is a good friend
好书如挚友。
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever
一本好书，相伴一生。
A good conscience is a soft pillow
不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。
A good fame is better than a good face
美名胜过美貌。
A good husband makes a good wife
夫善则妻贤。
A good medicine tastes bitter
良药苦口。
A good wife health is a man's best wealth
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。
A great talker is a great liar
说大话者多谎言。
A hedge between keeps friendship green
君子之交淡如水。
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend
戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。
A leopard cannot change its spots
积习难改。
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
A light heart lives long
静以修身。
A little body often harbors a great soul
浓缩的都是精品。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing
一知半解，自欺欺人。
A little pot is soon hot
狗肚子盛不得四两油。
All are brave when the enemy flies
敌人逃窜时，人人都成了勇士。
All good things come to an end
天下没有不散的筵席。
All rivers run into sea
海纳百川。
All roads lead to Rome
条条大路通罗马。
All that ends well is well
结果好，就一切都好。
All that glitters is not gold
闪光的不一定都是金子。
All things are difficult before they are easy
凡事总是由难而易。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
A man becomes learned by asking questions
不耻下问才能有学问。
A man can do no more than he can
凡事都应量力而行。
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time
一心不能二用。
A man is known by his friends
什么人交什么朋友。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds
光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。
A man without money is no man at all
一分钱难倒英雄汉。
A merry heart goes all the way
心旷神怡，事事顺利。
A miss is as good as a mile
失之毫厘，差之千里。
A mother's love never changes
母爱永恒。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
一天一苹果，不用请医生。
A new broom sweeps clean
新官上任三把火。
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening
一日之计在于晨。
An old dog cannot learn new tricks
老狗学不出新把戏。
An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom
聪明才智，不如运气。
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
预防为主，治疗为辅。
A rolling stone gathers no moss
滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。
As a man sows, so he shall reap
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
A single flower does not make a spring
一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
A snow year, a rich year
瑞雪兆丰年。
A sound mind in a sound body
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。
A still tongue makes a wise head
寡言者智。
A stitch in time saves nine
小洞不补，大洞吃苦。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe
身正不怕影子斜。
A wise head makes a close mouth
真人不露相，露相非真人。
A word spoken is past recalling
一言既出，驷马难追。
A year's plan starts with spring
一年之计在于春。
A young idler, an old beggar
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
Bad news has wings
好事不出门，坏事传千里。
Barking dogs seldom bite
吠犬不咬人。
Beauty lies in the love's eyes
情人眼里出西施。
Be swift to hear, slow to speak
听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。
Better late than never
不怕慢，单怕站。
Better to ask the way than go astray
问路总比迷路好。
Between friends all is common
朋友之间不分彼此。
Birds of a feather flock together
物以类聚，人以群分。
Blood is thicker than water
血浓于水。
Blood will have blood
血债血偿。
Books and friends should be few but good
读书如交友，应求少而精。
Business is business
公事公办。
Business is the salt of life
事业是人生的第一需要。
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it
读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。
Cannot see the wood for the trees
一叶障目，不见泰山。
Care and diligence bring luck
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
Caution is the parent of safety
小心驶得万年船。
Cheats never prosper
骗人发不了财。
Children are what the mothers are
耳濡目染，身教言传。
Choose an author as you choose a friend
择书如择友。
Come what may, heaven won't fall
做你的吧，天塌不下来。
Complacency is the enemy of study
学习的敌人是自己的满足。
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success
自信是走向成功的第一步。
Constant dripping wears away a stone
水滴石穿，绳锯木断。
Content is better than riches
知足者常乐。
Count one's chickens before they are hatched
蛋未孵先数雏。
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long
来而不往非礼也。
Creep before you walk
循序渐进。
Cry for the moon
海底捞月。
Custom is a second nature
习惯是后天养成的。
Custom makes all things easy
有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
Diamond cuts diamond
强中自有强中手。
Do as the Romans do
入乡随俗。
Do as you would be done by
己所不欲，勿施于人。
Doing is better than saying
与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。
Do it now
机不可失，时不再来。
Do nothing by halves
凡事不可半途而废。
Don't claim to know what you don't know
不要不懂装懂。
Don't have too many irons in the fire
不要揽事过多。
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill
不要小题大做。
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today
今日事，今日毕。
Don't put the cart before the horse
不要本末倒置。
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you
不要自找麻烦。
Don't try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs
不要班门弄斧。
Do well and have well
善有善报。
Each bird love to hear himself sing
孤芳自赏。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise
早睡早起身体好。
Easier said than done
说得容易，做得难。
Easy come, easy go
来也匆匆，去也匆匆。
Eat to live, but not live to eat
人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
Empty vessels make the greatest sound
实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇。
Envy has no holidays
忌妒之人无宁日。
Even Homer sometimes nods
智者千虑，必有一失。
Even reckoning makes long friends
亲兄弟，明算账。
Every advantage has its disadvantage
有利必有弊。
Everybody's business is nobody's business
人人负责，等于没人负责。
Every day is not Sunday
好景不常在。
Every dog has his day
谁都有得意的时候。
Every door may be shut, but death's door
人生在世，唯死难逃。
Every heart has its own sorrow
各人有各人的苦恼。
Every little helps a mickle
聚沙成塔，集腋成裘。
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost
人不为己，天诛地灭。
Every man has his faults
金无足赤，人无完人。
Every man has his hobbyhorse
萝卜青菜，各有所爱。
Every man has his weak side
人人都有弱点。
Every man is the architect of his own fortune
自己的命运自己掌握。
Every minute counts
分秒必争。
Every mother's child is handsome
孩子是自己的好。
Every potter praises hit pot
王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。
Everything is good when new, but friends when old
东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。
Example is better then percept
说一遍，不如做一遍。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother
经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。
Experience must be bought
吃一堑，长一智。
Fact speak louder than words
事实胜于雄辩。
Failure is the mother of success
失败是成功之母。
False friends are worse than bitter enemies
明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
Far from eye, far from heart
眼不见，心不烦。
Far water does not put out near fire
远水救不了近火。
Faults are thick where love is thin
一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。
Fear always springs from ignorance
恐惧源于无知。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears
隔墙有耳。
Fire and water have no mercy
水火无情。
Fire is a good servant but a bad master
火是一把双刃剑。
First come, first served
先来后到。
First impressions are half the battle
初次见面，印象最深。
First think and then speak
先想后说。
Fools grow without watering
朽木不可雕。
Fool's haste is no speed
欲速则不达。
Fools has fortune
呆人有呆福。
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools
愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。
Forbidden fruit is sweet
禁果格外香。
Fortune favors those who use their judgement
机遇偏爱善断之人。
Fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate
风水轮流转。
Four eyes see more than two
集思广益。
Friends agree best at distance
朋友之间也会保持距离。
Friends are thieves of time
朋友是时间的窃贼。
Friends must part
再好的朋友也有分手的时候。
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence
天才不过是勤奋而已。
Give a dog a bad name and hang him
众口铄金，积毁销骨。
God helps those who help themselves
自助者天助。
Gold will not buy anything
黄金并非万能。
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly
以德报德是常理，以德报怨大丈夫。
Good health is over wealth
健康是最大的财富。
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth
良药苦口利于病。
Good watch prevents misfortune
谨慎消灾。
Great barkers are no biters
好狗不挡道。
Great hopes make great man
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。
Great minds think alike
英雄所见略同。
Great men have great faults
英雄犯大错误。
Great men's sons seldom do well
富不过三代。
Great trees are good for nothing but shade
大树底下好乘凉。
Great wits have short memories
贵人多忘事。
Greedy folks have long arms
心贪手长。
Guilty consciences make men cowards
做贼心虚。
Habit cures habit
心病还需心药医。
Handsome is he who does handsomely
行为漂亮才算美。
Happiness takes no account of time
欢乐不觉时光过。
Happy is he who owes nothing
要想活得痛快，身上不能背债。
Happy is the man who learns from the misfortunes of others
吸取他人教训，自己才会走运。
Harm set, harm get
害人害己。
Hasty love, soon cold
一见钟情难维久。
Health is better than wealth
健康胜过财富。
Health is happiness
健康就是幸福。
Hear all parties
兼听则明。
Heaven never helps the man who will not act
自己不动，叫天何用。
He is a fool that forgets himself
愚者忘乎所以。
He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs
背后说好话，才是真朋友。
He is a wise man who speaks little
聪明不是挂在嘴上。
He is lifeless that is faultless
只有死人才不犯错误。
He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself
正人先正己。
He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first
自嘲者不会让人见笑。
He is wise that is honest
诚实者最明智。
He knows most who speaks least
大智若愚。
He laughs best who laughs last
谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。
He sets the fox to keep the geese
引狼入室。
He that climbs high falls heavily
爬得越高，摔得越重。
He that will not work shall not eat
不劳动者不得食。
He who does not advance loses ground
逆水行舟，不进则退。
He who makes constant complaint gets little compassion
经常诉苦，没人同情。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing
想不犯错误，就一事无成。
He who risks nothing gains nothing
收获与风险并存。
History repeats itself
历史往往重演。
Honesty is the best policy
做人诚信为本。
Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst
抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too
朋友不能阿谀奉承。
If a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me
上当一回头，再多就可耻。
If you make yourself an ass, don't complain if people ride you
人善被人欺，马善被人骑。
If your ears glow, someone is talking of you
耳朵发烧，有人念叨。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither
脚踏两条船，必定落空。
If you sell the cow, you sell her milk too
杀鸡取卵。
If you venture nothing, you will have nothing
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If you want knowledge, you must toil for it
要想求知，就得吃苦。
Industry is the parent of success
勤奋是成功之母。
It is better to die when life is a disgrace
宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
It is easier to get money than to keep it
挣钱容易攒钱难。
It is easy to be wise after the event
事后诸葛亮好当。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open
创业容易守业难。
It is hard to please all
众口难调。
It is never too old to learn
活到老，学到老。
It is no use crying over spilt milk
覆水难收。
It is the first step that costs troublesome
万事开头难。
It is the unforeseen that always happens
天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。
It is too late to grieve when the chance is past
坐失良机，后悔已迟。
It never rains but it pours
不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。
It takes three generations to make a gentleman
十年树木，百年树人。
Jack of all trades and master of none
门门精通，样样稀松。
Judge not from appearances
人不可貌相，海不可斗量。
Justice has long arms
天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
Keep good men company and you shall be of the number
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
Kill two birds with one stone
一箭双雕。
Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it
君王发狂，百姓遭殃。
Kings have long arms
普天之下，莫非王土。
Knowledge is power
知识就是力量。
Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud
博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。
Learn and live
活着，为了学习。
Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse
好人越学越好，坏人越学越坏。
Learn not and know not
不学无术。
Learn to walk before you run
先学走，再学跑。
Let bygones be bygones
过去的就让它过去吧。
Let sleeping dogs lie
别惹麻烦。
Let the cat out of the bag
泄漏天机。
Lies can never changes fact
谎言终究是谎言。
Lies have short legs
谎言站不长。
Life is but a span
人生苦短。
Life is half spent before we know what it is
人过半生，方知天命。
Life is not all roses
人生并不是康庄大道。
Life without a friend is death
没有朋友，虽生犹死。
Like a rat in a hole
瓮中之鳖。
Like author, like book
文如其人。
Like father, like son
有其父必有其子。
Like for like
一报还一报。
Like knows like
惺惺相惜。
Like mother, like daughter
有其母必有其女。
Like teacher, like pupil
什么样的老师教什么样的学生。
Like tree, like fruit
羊毛出在羊身上。
Little things amuse little minds
小人无大志。
Look before you leap
摸清情况再行动。
Lookers-on see more than players
当局者迷，旁观者清。
Losers are always in the wrong
胜者为王，败者为寇。
Lost time is never found again
岁月既往，一去不回。
Love at first sight
一见钟情。
Love cannot be compelled
爱情不能强求。
Love is blind
爱情是盲目的。
Love is full of trouble
爱情充满烦恼。
Love is never without jealousy
没有妒忌就没有爱情。
Love me, love my dog
爱屋及乌。
Make hay while the sun shines
良机勿失。
Make your enemy your friend
化敌为友。
Man is the soul of the universe
人是万物之灵。
Man proposes, God disposes
谋事在人，成事在天。
Many hands make light work
众人拾柴火焰高。
Many heads are better than one
三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。
Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there
有心栽花花不发，无心插柳柳成荫。
water under the bridge的意思是“problems that someone has had in the past that they do not worry about because they happened a long time ago and cannot now be changed”，即“不可改变的既成事实，无法挽回的过去”。
这句习语可能源于哲学家赫拉克利特，他曾说过这样一句话：
You cannot step twice into the same river
人不能两次踏进同一条河流。
正如上面这句话所表达的思想，一切都在运动和变化。河流中的水源源不断流入大海，并非是静止不动的。在桥下流过的水也不会再回流。因此人们就把这句习语引申为“不可改变的既成事实，无法挽回的过去”这样的含义。
例句：
Mike was relieved his time in jail was over and regarded it as water under the bridge
迈克为服刑期满而感到如释重负，而且觉得既已无可更改，过去的就让它过去吧。
下面再介绍一句关于bridge的习语：burn one's bridges。
burn one's bridges的意思是“to destroy all possible ways of going back to that situation”，即“不留退路，破釜沉舟，背水而战”。
这句习语可以追溯至古罗马时期。在当时，军队渡河去入侵新领土时，军队的领导者会下令烧毁桥梁，这样就可以确保他们的部队不会撤退。因此，随着时间的发展，人们就把这句习语引申为了如今的含义。
例句如下：
Think carefully before you resign ─ you don't want to burn your bridges
辞职前要三思——你要给自己留条退路。
圣经中的记录：
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上帝对诺亚说：你要用歌斐木（柏木）造一只方舟，分一间一间的造，里外抹上松香。方舟的造法乃是这样：要长300肘（古代长度单位，1肘＝044米），宽50肘，高30肘……你和你的全家都要进入方舟，凡洁净的畜类，你要带七公七母；不洁净的畜类，你要带一公一母；空中的飞鸟，也要带七公七母；可以留种，活在全地上。因为再过7天，我要在地上降雨40昼夜，把我所造的各种活物，都从地上除灭。
诺亚就遵着上帝所吩咐的行了。过了7天，洪水泛滥在地上。大渊的泉源都裂开了，天上的窗户也敞开了。水势在地上极其浩大，天下的高山都淹没了。7月17日，方舟停在亚拉腊山上。--《圣经-创世纪》
诺亚方舟之谜(一)
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诺亚方舟（Noah's Ark）是出自圣经《创世纪》中的一个引人入胜的传说。由于偷吃禁果，亚当夏娃被逐出伊甸园。亚当活了930岁，他和夏娃的子女无数，他们的后代子孙传宗接代，越来越多，逐渐遍布整个大地。此后，该隐诛弟，揭开了人类互相残杀的序幕。人类打着原罪的烙印，上帝诅咒了土地，人们不得不付出艰辛的劳动才能果腹，因此怨恨与恶念日增。人们无休止地相互厮杀、争斗、掠夺，人世间的暴力和罪恶简直到了无以复加的地步。
上帝看到了这一切，他非常后悔造了人，对人类犯下的罪孽心里十分忧伤。上帝说："我要将所造的人和走兽并昆虫以及空中的飞鸟都从地上消灭。"但是他又舍不得把他的造物全部毁掉，他希望新一代的人和动物能够比较听话，悔过自新，建立一个理想的世界。
在罪孽深重的人群中，只有诺亚在上帝眼前蒙恩。上帝认为他是一个义人，很守本分；他的三个儿子在父亲的严格教育下也没有误入歧途。诺亚也常告诫周围的人们，应该赶快停止作恶，从充满罪恶的生活中摆脱出来。但人们对他的话都不以为然，继续我行我素，一味地作恶享乐。
上帝选中了诺亚一家：诺亚夫妇、三个儿子及其媳归，作为新一代人类的种子保存下来。上帝告诉他们七天之后就要实施大毁灭，要他们用歌斐木造一只方舟，分一间一间的造，里外抹上松香。这只方舟要长300时、宽50时、高30时。方舟上边要留有透光的窗户，旁边要开一道门。方舟要分上中下三层。他们立即照办。
上帝看到方舟造好了，就说："看哪，我要使洪水在地上泛滥，毁灭天下，凡地上有血肉、有气息的活物无一不死。我却要与你立约，你同你的妻子、儿子、儿媳都要进入方舟。凡洁净的畜类，你要带七公七母；不洁净的畜类，你要带一公一母；空中的飞鸟也要带七公七母。这些都可以留种，将来在地上生殖。"
2月17日那天，诺亚600岁生辰，海洋的泉源都裂开了，巨大的水柱从地下喷射而出；天上的窗户都敞开了，大雨日夜不停，降了整整40天。水无处可流，迅速地上涨，比最高的山巅都要高出15时。凡是在旱地上靠肺呼吸的动物都死了，只留下方舟里人和动物的种子安然无恙。方舟载着上帝的厚望漂泊在无边无际的汪洋上
上帝顾念诺亚和方舟中的飞禽走兽，便下令止雨兴风，风吹着水，水势渐渐消退。诺亚方舟停靠在亚拉腊山边。又过了几十天，诺亚打开方舟的窗户，放出一只乌鸦去探听消息，但乌鸦一去不回。诺亚又把一只鸽子放出去，要它去看看地上的水退了没有。由于遍地是水，鸽子找不到落脚之处，又飞回方舟。七天之后，诺亚又把鸽子放出去，黄昏时分，鸽子飞回来了，嘴里衔着橄榄叶，很明显是从树上啄下来的。再过7天，诺亚又放出鸽子，这次鸽子不再回来了。诺亚601岁那年的1月1日，地上的水都退干了。诺亚开门观望，地上的水退净了。到2月27日，大地全干了。于是，上帝对诺亚说：“你和妻儿媳妇可以出舟了。你要把和你同在舟里的所有飞鸟，动物和一切爬行生物都带出来，让它们在地上繁衍滋长吧。”于是，诺亚全家和方舟里的其他所有生物，都按着种类出来了。后世的人们就用鸽子和橄榄枝来象征和平。
这就是“诺亚方舟”故事的由来，虽然是个传说，但由于《圣经》中记载的很多事情都被证实是真实的，譬如，在一次战争中，一位军官根据《圣经》中的记载，成功地找到了大山里的一条秘密小道，并通过这条小道突然出现在敌人面前，取得巨大胜利。如果能证明“诺亚方舟”也是真实的，那么这个发现肯定将在全世界引起轰动。所以，很多年以来，许多国家的圣经考古学家 都希望揭开这个千古之谜。
诺亚方舟之谜(二)
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方舟也许搁浅在面向黑海的山坡上
由《圣经》的记载来推算，方舟是一只排水量四万三千吨的巨大木箱。按《创世纪》第八章所载，方舟最后停靠在土耳其东部的亚拉腊山上。过去虽有不少方舟被发现的传言出现，但都仅止于传言。
近年来，有一种说法，认为方舟搁浅在亚拉腊山脉面向黑海的一个山坡上，而且很可能因为黑海水位暴涨而沉入黑海海底，这个说法引起了美国深海探险家罗伯特·巴拉德博士的高度兴趣，他在接受媒体采访表示，“诺亚方舟”的故事从小就深深地吸引了他，特别是他在深海探险方面取得一定成就后，只要一提起方舟，就激动不已。他希望自己有机会探寻方舟的下落。所以当听说“方舟可能沉入黑海海底”这个大胆的推测后，他决定亲自到黑海去探个究竟。
巴拉德曾在地中海海底找到古罗马帝国和腓尼基的船只，假如他能在黑海海底寻获方舟，这将 会是一件轰动全球、甚至载入史册的重大发现。
假如方舟沉入黑海海底那么它可能完好如初
在近东和中东一带的古文明，都有关于大洪水的记载，古巴比伦、希腊及罗马也有类似诺亚一家人获救的故事流传，但地质学家从未发现全球性大洪水的证据。有人认为诺亚方舟不过是一项古老的传说，然而科学家最近却根据黑海一带的自然环境推断，当地的确可能发生过毁灭性的大 洪水。
科学家推算地球最近一次冰河时期，是在一万二千年前达到巅峰，那时全球海平面要比现在低很多，而黑海只是一个淡水湖，与地中海间隔着一个天然的堤坝，这个堤坝横跨今天土耳其境内 的博斯普鲁斯海峡。
随着各地冰河融解消褪，全球海平面跟着升高，而地中海与黑海的水位落差，逐渐被拉大到500米左右。后来，可能是一场大雨或一场地震，使两者间的堤坝垮掉，地中海的海水以200倍于尼加拉瀑布的水量及冲力涌入黑海；两年后，地中海和黑海的水位才达到平衡。
今天，黑海和地中海虽有一个水道相通，但黑海基本上是个封闭的水域，多瑙河、聂伯河及顿河的水不断流入黑海，在它的上层形成一个淡水带，在这个区域内有丰富的鱼产和其他生物，黑海下层则是咸水带，这个咸水带不同于一般海洋下层有海流相通，而是呈停滞状态，因而形成了特殊的“无氧”环境。理论上，在这种无氧环境下几乎不可能有生物存在，所以任何物品、沉船甚至人体遗骸一旦下沉到这个水域，就好像被扔进一个真空储物柜一样，永远不会腐烂。按圣经所载，方舟是用“歌斐木”造的，假如方舟最后落到黑海海底，那么它可能完好如初。
"异物"的照片
1919年，公众终于见到了第一张诺亚方舟的照片：这张照片是由俄国飞行员罗斯科维斯基拍摄的，上面可以隐约看出冰川下一个模糊的暗色斑点。而这以后利用雷达和深层探测器进行的地质考察，却显示这个斑点只是亚拉腊地区岩石共有的一种异常结构。对诺亚方舟的寻找在80年代末90年代初又重新开始。由于军事档案的解密，美国政府公布了由埃罗斯卫星和U-2间谍飞机拍摄的照片。这些照片显示在3000米高空可隐约看到亚拉腊山俄国一侧山坡终年冰层下的"异物"（专业术语称为"凸起"）。但是，这些照片究竟说明了什么呢？
支持诺亚方舟理论的人十分肯定：这就是挪亚方舟。实际上也的确存在着一些奇怪的巧合：这个"异物"距纳瓦拉找到那块木头的地方只有几百米，而那块木头是在位于"阿赫拉峡谷"附近的埃奇米阿津修道院找到的。可是，在地质学家和美国中央情报局看来，这可能是在公元1000年左右爆发过的一个火山口，或者由于终年冰川中一块巨大的冰下滑导致的不正常的积雪堆积。然而这并非是对诺亚方舟存在论的惟一反驳。这些反驳意见中最重要的一点是，这样一场洪水要淹没一座高5000米的山脉是绝对不可能的。但是，认为诺亚方舟停靠在亚拉腊山的人反驳说，大洪水过后，在公元前3000年，一些难以置信的地壳构造运动可能将这个山脉抬高了。
于是亚拉腊山，尤其是西坡的帕罗特冰川、东北坡的阿赫拉峡谷和阿比科二号冰川成为研究人员偏爱的地方。
现实中有待证实的诺亚方舟
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在土耳其东部有一座海拔5000多米的高山，名叫亚拉腊山。据基督教《圣经》载,大洪水后诺亚方舟即停于亚拉腊山。诺亚方舟是真的存在，还是纯属虚构？诺亚方舟是不是停在亚拉腊山？为了揭开亚拉腊山诺亚方舟之谜，弗吉尼亚州里士满大学继续教育学院副教授鲍彻-泰勒追踪研究长达13年之久。泰勒教授还把卫星遥感技术用到的研究之中，称自己进行的是“卫星考古工程”。
根据飞机航拍、侦察卫星以及商业用遥感飞行器拍摄到照片，发现亚拉腊山山腰处有一处“不规则区域”。引起人们极大兴趣的“不规则区域”位于亚拉腊山西北角海拔4663米处，几乎被冰川掩盖。泰勒声称“不规则区域”的长宽比例和诺亚方舟的长宽比例一样。
据创世纪中记载诺亚方舟蓝图长300肘尺，宽50肘尺，长宽比为6:1。肘尺是古代的一种长度测量单位，等于从中指指尖到肘的前臂长度，或约等于17至22英寸(43至56厘米)。而卫星拍摄的照片显示。这一“不规则区域”的长宽比也是6:1。
泰勒对这一发现持乐观态度。泰勒说快鸟(Quickbird)遥感卫星拍摄的高清晰照片是“新的重大进展”。泰勒副教授说“我把这项工作叫做卫星考古工程”。参与这项考古工程的卫星阵容强大，包括快鸟(Quickbird)遥感卫星、IKONOS卫星以及加拿大的雷达卫星(Radasat 1)，泰勒教授还可以看到解密的美国情报机构的航拍和卫星照片。
泰勒教授说他的目标十分明确，那就是要综合所有的照片，使亚拉腊山之谜大白于公众，而且要经得起科学家、影像专家和其他专家的检验。泰勒说，“1993年开始这项研究时，我没有先入为主的观念。”
这是解密中情局亚拉腊山全景照片，是“钥眼9”卫星1973年12月20日拍摄的。研究人员鲍彻－泰勒用红线标注出“不规则区域”。前几年中情局解密了55000多张世界各地的卫星照片，其中就包括这一张。
这是加拿大太空署的雷达卫星拍摄的亚拉腊山照片，红线标注的就是“不规则区域”，位于亚拉腊山西北角海拔4663米处。雷达卫星的成像精度可以达到8米。由于雷达卫星不是光学照相卫星，因此图中有硬物的无线电波反射，因此研究人员认为“不规则区域”并不是阴影。红字的内容：雷达1卫星拍摄的“不规则区域”照片。
卫星影像分析专家罗德-弗兰兹对照片进行了分析，称不规则区域的表面有309米长。罗德-弗兰兹还有过25年的军事情报照片分析经验，他说“我还发现不规则区域呈圆形。我不太清楚这说明什么，但是我觉得很奇怪。”泰勒补充说如果再考虑长度，这个不规则区域要比泰坦尼克号和俾斯麦号大，和最大的现代化航母大小相当。
泰勒希望通过自己的研究发现推动最终能够对亚拉腊山展开实地科考。不过，科学家们已经利用卫星遥感技术取得了重大的考古发现。几个星期前，美国航空航天局科学家利用太空和飞行器上的遥感硬件和技术在中美洲的热带雨林深处发现了1000多年前的玛雅文明遗址。但是这一“不规则区域”到底是自然界地质奇观，抑或人类活动的遗迹，或者什么都不是，还有待研究人员进一步考证。
1973年美国利用人造卫星侦察前苏联在南翼高加索边界地区部署飞弹的情报时，“极其偶然”地拍摄到终年冰封的亚拉腊峰上，有一块庞大及呈现明显长方形的“异物”。由于《圣经》记载诺亚方舟正是停泊在亚拉腊峰附近的地方，所以传出那件“异物”就是“诺亚方舟”的传说。
出自《圣经》。上帝对人类所犯下的罪孽非常忧伤，决定用洪水消灭人类。诺亚是个正直的人，上帝吩咐他造船避灾。经过40个昼夜的洪水，除诺亚一家和部分动物外，其他生物都被洪水吞没。后被用来比喻灾难中的避难所或救星。
诺亚方舟的英文简介
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Noah's Ark诺亚方舟
Genesis创世记
This is the story of Noah Noah was a righteous man, the one blameless man of his time; he walked with God He had three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth Now God saw that the whole world was corrupt and full of violence In his sight the world had become corrupted, for all men had lived corrupt lives on earth God said to Noah, ‘The loathsomeness of all mankind has become plain to me, for through them the earth is full of violence I intend to destroy them, and the earth with them Make yourself an ark with ribs of cypress; cover it with reeds and coat it inside and out with pitch I intend to bring the waters of the flood over the earth to destroy every human being under heaven that has the spirit of life; everything on earth shall perish But with you I will make a covenant, and you shall go into the ark, you and your sons, your wife and your sons’ wives with you And you shall bring living creatures of every kind into the ark to keep them alive with you Two of each kind, a male and a female; two of every kind of bird, beast, and reptile, shall come to you to be kept alive See that you take and store every kind of food that can be eaten; this shall be food for you and for them ’Exactly as God had commanded him, so Noah did
下面是诺亚的故事。诺亚是一个正直的人，在当时是一个完人。他追随上帝行事。他有三个儿子：闪、含、和雅弗。上帝看见整个世界腐朽了，到处都是暴力。他认为世界充斥着罪恶，因为所有世上的人都过着邪恶的生活。上帝对诺亚说：“人类的可憎我再清楚不过了，他们使这世界充满了仇杀。我有意要毁灭他们，也毁灭掉同他们一起的这个世界。你要为自己造一艘方舟，用丝柏木做船架，覆盖上芦苇，再在里外两面涂上树脂。我要使洪水泛滥全世界，消灭天下所有活着的人，地上万物也要消灭光。但我要与你立约。你到时就带着你的妻子、儿子、儿媳们一起进入方舟。你还要把各种飞禽、走兽、爬虫，每样两只，雌雄各一带上，和你一道登舟，在船上喂养好。此外还要带上各种吃的东西，储存在船上，作为你们和动物的食粮。”诺亚遵照上帝的话，一一办到了。
And so, to escape the waters of the flood, Noah went into the ark with his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives And into the ark with Noah went one pair, male and female, of all beasts, clean and unclean, of birds and of everything that crawls on the ground, two by two, as God had commanded Towards the end of seven days the waters of the flood came upon the earth In the year when Noah was six hundred years old, on the seventeenth day of the second month, on that very day, all the springs of the great abyss broke through, the windows of the sky were opened, and rain fell on the earth for forty days and forty nights…The flood continued upon the earth for forty days, and the waters swelled and lifted up the ark so that it rose high above the ground More and more the waters increased over the earth until they covered all the high mountains everywhere under heaven The waters increased and the mountains were covered to a depth of fifteen cubits Everything died that had the breath of life in its nostrils, everything on dry land God wiped out every living thing that existed on earth, man and beast, reptile and bird; they were all wiped out over the whole earth, and only Noah and his company in the ark survived
这样，为了躲避洪水，诺亚和他的妻、子及儿媳们都上了方舟。和他一起上船的还有那些动物：洁净的和不洁净的牲畜，每种都是雌雄一对；所有的鸟类和地上的爬虫，也是一对一对的，按上帝的吩咐那样都上了船。第七天结束的时候，洪水降临到大地。那年诺亚是六百岁，二月十七日那天，大深渊的所有泉源一齐喷发起来，天穹洞开，大雨倾盆，不停地下了四十个昼夜。……洪水泛滥了四十天，大水涨起来把方舟托起，高高地升离地面之上。落在地面的水越来越多，淹没了天下所有的高山。水一直涨到浸没高山十五腕尺之深。一切有气息的生物，所有生活在陆地上的东西，全都没有了。上帝清除了世上的生物，人也好，兽也好，爬虫也好，飞鸟也好，全部从地面上消灭干净，惟独诺亚和在方舟上的他一起的妻子儿媳、鸟兽爬虫活了下来。
After forty days Noah opened the trap-door that he had made in the ark , and released a raven to see whether the water had subsided, but the bird continued flying to and fro until the water on the earth had dried up Noah waited for seven days, and then he released a dove from the ark to see whether the water on the earth had subsided further But the dove found no place where she could settle, and so she came back to him in the ark, because there was water over the whole surface of the earth He waited another seven days and again released the dove from the ark She came back to him towards evening with a newly plucked olive leaf in her beak Then Noah knew for certain that the water on the earth had subsided still further He waited yet another seven days and released the dove, but she never came back And so it came about that, on the first day of the first month of his six hundred and first year, the water had dried up on the earth, and Noah removed the hatch and looked out of the ark The surface of the ground was dry
四十天后，诺亚打开了他方舟上的天窗，放出一只乌鸦去看看水退了没有，但乌鸦飞来飞去，到地面上的水都快干涸也没回来。诺亚等了七天，再从舟上放出一只鸽子去看看地上的水是否再退了些。但因为地面全部都是水，鸽子没落脚的地方，就飞回诺亚的方舟那里。诺亚又等了七天，再次从舟上放出那鸽子去。傍晚时分，鸽子回来了，嘴里衔着一片刚啄下的橄榄叶。诺亚就知道地面上的水退得差不多了。但他又多等了七天，然后放那鸽子出去。这回它再也没有回来了。这样，在诺亚六百零一岁那年的正月初一，地上的水终于退了，诺亚打开舱口盖，从方舟上向外探望，地面已经完全干了。
By the twenty-seventh day of the second month the whole earth was dry And God said to Noah, ‘Come out of the ark, you and your wife, your sons and their wives Bring out every living creature that is with you, live things of every kind, bird and beast and every reptile that moves on the ground, and let them swarm over the earth and be fruitful and increase there ’So Noah came out with his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives Every wild animal, all cattle, every bird, and every reptile that moves on the ground, came out of the ark by families Then Noah built an altar to the Lord He took ritually clean beasts and birds of every kind, and offered whole-offerings on the altar When the Lord smelt the soothing odor, he said within himself, ‘Never again will I curse the ground because of man, however evil his inclinations may be from his youth upwards I will never again kill every living creature, as I have just done ’
二月二十七日，大地全都干了。上帝对诺亚说：“你和你的妻子，你儿子儿媳们都从方舟上出来吧。把你带上方舟去的各种地上生物，鸟兽爬虫都放出来吧，让它们滋生繁衍，遍布全世界吧。”诺亚就同他的妻子、儿子儿媳们从方舟上走出来。各种地上生物：野兽、牲畜、鸟类和爬虫都是雌雄配对的，也都下了船。接着，诺亚为天主修了一座祭坛。他选了各种各样洁净的鸟兽作为供品，放在祭坛上奉献给天主。天主闻到了供品的香味，心里想道：“我再也不会因人类而使大地遭到灾祸了。不论人从小就有多少邪念，我都不会像这次那样杀死一切生灵了。”
诺亚方舟故事起源
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一项最新研究证实，早在8000多年前北大西洋巨大冰盖的融化曾使海平面大幅上升，科学家指出，这一事件可能是《圣经》中记载的诺亚方舟拯救人类故事的起源。
据西班牙《世界报》25日报道，英国埃克塞特大学和澳大利亚伍伦贡大学的科学家指出，发生在距今8740年至8160年间的北美劳伦太德冰盖融化，造成了近10万年来地球上最大规模的淡水增加，地中海海平面也因此上升了1．4米。
研究指出，海平面的上升导致当时还是一个淡水湖的黑海被咸水淹没，造成黑海海水在大约8200年以前增多变咸。生活在黑海沿岸一带的新石器时代的农业人口受影响最大，他们无法继续耕作。洪水最严重时，有72700平方公里的土地被淹，这一时期持续了约34年。同样的现象还出现在地中海沿岸，大约1120平方公里的土地被水淹没。
这一切造成了14．5万农民（以东欧为主）向西迁移，寻找更适合的耕地。他们的到来加速了当地的社会变革，推动了生活方式的改变，这很可能是早期农业向欧洲其他地区传播的过程。
研究小组负责人英国教授克里斯·特尼指出，这一事件被代代相传，给人留下的印象是全世界都发生了大洪水，这也可能是诺亚方舟的故事起源。
The Greek Heavenly Thoughts
The Greek was the first recognize the distinction between the natural and the supernatural In other words , they found the nature, since then, the cosmology(宇宙学) could never be maintain a system of myth
Gradually, the Greek believed themselves to live in a cosmos, and considered the cosmos to be an entirely natural place Besides they saw an order in the cosmos The order, to them, not only means an arrange, but also a good order, and also a beautiful, elegant order With an optimism(乐观主义), they believed the order, and the cosmos were comprehensible(可知的), and furthermore, could be described in words and numbers When the Greek formed these crucial ideas, some earliest philosophers and scientists were important and influential The Milesians(米利都学派得的哲学家), including Thales(泰勒斯), Anaximander(阿纳克西曼德), described the cosmos in entirely natural terms for the first time Heraclitus(赫拉克立特) insisted that the cosmos worked according to a logos(理性), which mean “word”, “account”, “measure”, and “proportion”, and if we grasp this logos, the cosmos could be understood and described well
After the Greek accepted the idea that the cosmos was a natural place and comprehensible, some pre-Socratics(前苏格拉底时代德哲学家) overcame some significant conceptual(观念上的) hurdles to achieve a more sophisticated cosmology There was the move from a hemispherical(半球形) universe to a spherical(球形) one, and a earth supported by water to supported by air, and then to one which need no support In the earlier Greek cosmologies, objects were thought to drop in parallel straight lines from the top of the cosmos to the bottom, this led to the problem why the earth doesn’t fall to the bottom of the cosmos, so in this sort of the cosmos, something is required to support the earth Then Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos, there was no the problem of the earth dropping He believed that objects moved to the center of the cosmos, that is the earth itself
The idea that the earth was central and stable dominated Greek astronomy and cosmology In Greek minds, it can explain many phenomena Firstly, the experience told Greek, if one was in rapid motion, he certainly knew about it, so they thought, if the earth has a daily rotation from west to east, there should be constant wind from east to west; if the earth is in motion around the sun, all objects will sweep off the face of the earth Secondly, because they had no knowledge of gravity, they believe if the earth in rapid motion, it will disintegrate(解体) Thirdly, if the earth takes up different positions relative to the stars(恒星), there should be a stellar parallax(恒星视差量), one can detect slight changes in the apparent positions of the stars from the earth
When the Greek physics, astronomy, philosophy and common sense all seemed to indicate an immobile earth, there was an important consequence, all of the motions of the heavens were real motions to the earth, not apparent ones due to the motion of the earth
At the outset, Greek observational astronomy was rather divorced(背离) from philosophical speculation about the nature of the cosmos Some observed the heavens and took careful notes of what they saw, some produced cosmological models based on general philosophical considerations But no one gave a cosmological model that were anywhere near explaining, in a precise manner, the phenomena that had been record The Pythagoreans(毕达哥拉斯学派的哲学家) made the first attempt They believed in the center of the cosmos was a fire, not the sun, the fire was shield from the earth by a body known as the counter earth The model was vague and speculative, and the earth moves around the fire, and between the fire and earth, there was the counter earth Plato(柏拉图) produced a slightly better model, had central earth, with the sun, the moon, the five planets and the stars orbiting around it Then it was a basic assumption of Greek astronomy and cosmology, if some motions seems not circular or regular, almost all Greek philosophers and scientists would consider these as some combination of several circular and regular motions Neither of two models could account for two important phenomena relating to the point at which the sun sets The sun does not always set due west(正西方) Where the sun sets during a year changes from a maximum of 235º north of west to a maximum of 235°north of west Solstices(至日，包括冬至、夏至) occur at the maximum points, while equinoxes(分日，包括春分、秋分) occur at the due west Later Plato gave the first model that could give a reasonable account for these phenomena The model was one of the most important Greek cosmological models Plato made the first serious attempt to unite astronomical phenomena and cosmological traditions He insisted that the sun, the moon, have a combination of two regular circular motions, that’s to say, the sun and the moon have a second motion in addition the daily one, offset(偏移) at an angle to it As to the five planets, which are wandering in the heaven apparently, Plato gave a similar but more complex explanation The model could give a reasonable explanation approximately, but couldn’t explain the planets exceptive motions They will progress against the background of the fixed stars over a year or two, or even longer, then they will halt suddenly, and go in the other direction for a while, stop again, after that, progress in the normal direction Facing a series strange exceptions and motions of the planets, Eudoxus(人名，难以翻译，重要的哲学家、科学家) thought regressively(回归，追本溯源) He was a pupil of Pythagorean, and had a close relationship with Plato About planets, Plato’s model had two regular circular movements for each planet, Eudoxus gave four circular movements for each planet In this model, the first sphere (环), generate a daily motion; the second generate the motion along the ecliptic(黄道), the other two produce a pattern like the figure 8 laid on its sides(行星出现在黄道正负8度范围内) Besides, Eudoxus had a record of planets’ motion, and made a good use of mathematics, so compared with Plato’s model, his is more sophisticated
Eudoxus’ model was excellent model for a long time, but there were some inherent difficulties Because the distance between the earth and each one of five planets that we can see with naked eyes, always changes, it is not difficult to find that all planets’ size are varying apparently Eudoxus can’t cope with the phenomenon, in his model, the distances between the earth and the planets are constant, that means the size of planets can’t vary Account for these problems, Ptolemy(托勒密) produced a whole new system which was to last for nearly 1500 years The system was based on combination of regular circular motions too He gave up concentric(同心圆) sphere model in favor of a system based on a device, the epicycle(本轮，天文模型的一种) The epicycle is a combination of two regular circular motions, but not around the same center The center of smaller circle moves around the larger circle The two circles can produced many complex patterns, because these patterns, Ptolemy was able to explain most problems that beset the concentric sphere model, including the variation of apparent size, the brightness, the velocity(速度) of the planets Besides the epicycle, Ptolemy made another subtle change, the earth is offset from the center of the sun’s orbit So the model can account for that seasons have slightly different lengths Now before the telescope was invented and new phenomena that can’t be found with naked eyes were detected, the model is the best in the ancient times
After talking about some important Greek cosmological models, we have to mention an exceptive astronomer, Aristarchus(阿里斯塔克斯) He is the first one who have a revolutionary thinking that the earth is orbiting around the sun But sadly, we don’t know how and why he can be aware this without any idea about gravity and the phenomena which only can be detected with telescope, only we know he is a follower of Aristotle
地神盖亚，因为她生了天空、海洋、山脉三大神，也就是世间万物——人们赖以生存的基础。 并与乌拉诺斯结合生了六男六女，十二个提坦神、三个独眼巨神、三个百臂巨神，她还独自孕育了巨人族以及白橡树三神女墨利埃，一说复仇女神厄里倪俄斯也是她所生。与彭透斯生了五个孩子分别代表了不同的海。她算得上是众神之母。与塔尔塔洛斯生了她最小的孩子提丰 她是五大创世神最重要的一位，换句话说，人们吃的，用的还有脑子里所幻想的妖魔鬼怪都是她孕育的，所以她对人类帮助最大，如果没有她，就没有大地这些东西，那普罗米修斯就算盗了火给人类也是徒劳的。
Secondary green has managed , green behavior , the handle official business , daily green action three aspect activity to oersted of Beijing committee of group etc has made environmental protection to require that equipment and material selects and uses , newspaper reclaims , there is no paper including that energy conservation , water-saving , rubbish classify and handle official business ,melt handle official business, employee's environmental protection behavior waits Construction management for the sharpening and the standard Olympic Games project, successively have worked out "the Olympic Games project environmental protection guide ", "Olympic Games project green construction guide ", "Olympic Games changes , expands the project environmental protection guide " and "Olympic Games facing the form building the project environmental protection guide ", and using supplementary articles add have been in be contracted by concluding and signing with contracting business contract middle "The hotel has served the environmental protection guide by the same token in having added Beijing Olympiad" with signing a contract in the hotel contract the middle , has suggested that the basic in the field of the , interior contaminate , interior environmental protection such as reaching a meal drinking service and setting mind on an acceptance check , saving resource , prevent and remedy pollution general management demands
Secondary green has managed , green behavior , the handle official business , daily green action three aspect activity to oersted of Beijing committee of group etc has made environmental protection to require that equipment and material selects and uses , newspaper reclaims , there is no paper including that energy conservation , water-saving , rubbish classify and handle official business ,melt handle official business, employee's environmental protection behavior waits Construction management for the sharpening and the standard Olympic Games project, successively have worked out "the Olympic Games project environmental protection guide ", "Olympic Games project green construction guide ", "Olympic Games changes , expands the project environmental protection guide " and "Olympic Games facing the form building the project environmental protection guide ", and using supplementary articles add have been in be contracted by concluding and signing with contracting business contract middle "The hotel has served the environmental protection guide by the same token in having added Beijing Olympiad" with signing a contract in the hotel contract the middle , has suggested that the basic in the field of the , interior contaminate , interior environmental protection such as reaching a meal drinking service and setting mind on an acceptance check , saving resource , prevent and remedy pollution general management demands
Secondary green has managed , green behavior , the handle official business , daily green action three aspect activity to oersted of Beijing committee of group etc has made environmental protection to require that equipment and material selects and uses , newspaper reclaims , there is no paper including that energy conservation , water-saving , rubbish classify and handle official business ,melt handle official business, employee's environmental protection behavior waits Construction management for the sharpening and the standard Olympic Games project, successively have worked out "the Olympic Games project environmental protection guide ", "Olympic Games project green construction guide ", "Olympic Games changes , expands the project environmental protection guide " and "Olympic Games facing the form building the project environmental protection guide ", and using supplementary articles add have been in be contracted by concluding and signing with contracting business contract middle "The hotel has served the environmental protection guide by the same token in having added Beijing Olympiad" with signing a contract in the hotel contract the middle , has suggested that the basic in the field of the , interior contaminate , interior environmental protection such as reaching a meal drinking service and setting mind on an acceptance check , saving resource , prevent and remedy pollution general management demands
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