初二英语阅读理解

No4 middle School

Kunming ,yunnan

April 2nd ,2004

Dear editor (编辑) ，

I live in a beautiful city Many visitors come to my city there are so many colorful peacocks (孔雀) here

The peacocks mostly live on the grass land of Dongfeng Square

They are given food freely by visitors They usually throw food to them , and don’t think about at all whether the food is right or not Some of the peacocks became ill , some even died after eating the bad food given by the visitors

I’m sure most of the visitors who throw food to the peacocks really like the birds , but don’t realize (意识到) that they may be doing them harm (伤害)

The visitors should be told that what have done is very harmful to the birds , and this kind of thing must be stopped from happening

Perhaps we can build some small shops beside Dongfeng Square to sell peacock food For us every person , it’s our duty to give more love to these beautiful birds and to look after them carefully

Yours,

Sun Yan

()6Many visitors come to the writer’s city to __________

A do some shopping B see beautiful peacocks

C play on Dongfeng square D eat nice food

()7Some peacocks became ill and died because some visitors ______;

A did’t give them any food B gave them too much food

C threw them some bad food D loved them and played with them

()8Some shops can be built beside Dongfeng Square so that they may _____________

Asell food for visitors B sell food for peacocks

Cmake the square more beautiful Dhave the beautiful birds

()9From the passage we know people should __________

A live and play with the birds

B stop the birds from eating too much

C give right food to the birds

D give more food to the birds

()10We can guess the writer of the letter, Sun Yan , may be a _____

A visitor B shopkeeper Csquare keeper D student

6-10：B C B C D

（3）

Every town in the United States has a post office Some are very small , and you may also find them in the corner of a shop Others are larger buildings They are open five days a week and on Saturday mornings From Monday through Friday they are usually open from 8:30 to 4:30

If you know how much the postage (邮资) is for your letter , you can buy stamps at any window In some post offices you can buy stamps from machines Stamps are sold many different prices , from one cent (美分) to many dollars If you are not sure how much postage is for you letter , you may ask the man or the woman in the post office for help he or she will give you the stamps you need If you are sending your letter far away , you should use airmail envelopes (航空信封) Remember that postage will be more expensive for a letter to be sent outside the country

At a post office you can also buy postcards A postcard is cheaper than a letter Usually the price of postage for a postcard is about half that of a letter The postcards that you buy at a post office do not have pictures However ,also they are not to be sent outside the country

Letters are an easy and cheap way to keep in touch with people in many different countries

()11The passage tell us that we can find ________ easily in the United States of America

A post office s Blarge buildings

Csmall shops Ddifferent banks

()12The post offices in the United States are open _________

Aseven hours a day Bsix hours a day

Cfive hours a day Deight hours a day

()13If you are not sure how much postage is for your letter ,you can____

A go and buy stamps from the machine in the post officesend a cheap postcard instead of your letter

B get in touch with somebody you know in the post office

Cask the man or the woman in the post office for help

()14The price of postage for ________ is more expensive

Aa beautiful postcard Ba letter written on envelope

Ca letter by airmail Da postcard with pictures

()15The passage tells us something about ________ in the USA

Athe post Bthe postage Cletters Dpostcards

11-15 A D D C A

（4）

Long, long ago there was a very foolish thief Do you know what he did one day When he wanted to steal(偷) the bell on his neighbour’s door, he walked up to the door, took hold of(抓住) the bell and pulled hard The bell made a very loud noise The thief was afraid and went home

Then he sat down to think, “I must do something about the noise,” he said He thought and thought At last he had an idea “Ah, I’ll put some cotton in my ears Then I won’t be able to hear the noise” The next day he went to the door of his neighbour, and took hold of the bell This time he pulled even harder The bell rang loudly, but the thief did not hear anything With another hard pull he got the bell out Just then the neighbour came running out

“Steal my bell I’ll teach you a lesson(教训),” the angry man shouted And he hit the thief on the nose

The foolish thief did not know how the neighbour found out he was stealing the bell “Why did he come out just then” he wondered (感到疑惑)

( )16 The thief was trying to get

A his neighbour B his neighbour’s doorbell

C some cotton D a door with a bell on it

( )17 The thief put some cotton in his ears He thought it would be for him to steal the doorbell

A safe B difficult C dangerous D easy

( )18 The neighbour ran out probably(很可能) because

A he knew his doorbell was being stolen

B he thought someone was eager (渴望的) to visit him

C he realized (意识到) something strange happened

D Both B and C

( )19 The neighbour hit the thief to

A give him lessons B punish (惩罚) him for stealing

C help him with the bell D be his teacher

( )20 Which of the following is TRUE

A The thief understood why he was hit on the nose

B The thief knew why the neighbour came out

C The thief thought the neighbour couldn’t hear the noise the bell made

D The thief didn’t want to know why the neighbour ran out

16-20 B A D B C

（5）

A farmer was put in prison(监狱) One day, he got a letter from his wife

“I am worried about out farm,” she wrote “It’s time to plant potatoes ,

but I can’t do all the digging(挖) by myself”

The farmer thought over and then had an idea He wrote to his wife,“Don’t dig

the fields This id where my gold(金子) is Don’t plant potatoes until I comehome

A few days later, the farmer got anther letter from his wife It said, “Two days

ago, about ten prison guards(监狱看守) came to our fields It looked as if they were looking for something They have dug our field”

The farmer wrote to his wife at once “Now you can plant our potatoes,” he wrote

( )21The farmer was put in prison ________

A because he had done something wrong

B because he had a lot of gold in the fields

C The writer didn’t say anything about why the farmer was put in prison

D For nothing

( )22The farmer’s wife was much worried about _____

A her husband B their farm C planting potatoes D herself

( )23The farmer told his wife __ first

A not to dig the fields B to dig the fields

C to ask the prison guards for help D to find the gold in the fields

( )24Why did the prison guards dig the farmer’s fields ________

A They wanted to help the farmer

B Their leader ordered them to do so

C The farmer asked them to do so

D They wanted to find out the gold

( )25Why did the farmer ask his wife to plant potatoes at once Because _____

A their fields had been dug

B the gold was found out

C the prison guards asked him to do so

D the prison guards were digging the fields

21—25 C B A D A

（6）

An owl is a bird with very large eyes Those eyes make the owl look clever The owl can not move its eyes freely as people can It can only look straight ahead (朝前) If it wants to look at both sides, it must turn its neck

Owls see better at night than during the day At night they look for food They eat mice and insects

Owls make a strange noise because the owls sleep most of the day They usually give their cries at night The cry sounds like “Whoo! Whoo!” This strange sound sometimes frightens people at night

26 An owl looks clever because it can look straight ahead

27 An owl looks for food at night because it sees better at night than during the day

28 An owl lives on all kinds of birds

29 The cry of an owl is frightening

30 Man must not kill owls because they are helpful to people

26-30 B A B A A

（7）

Coffee has become the most popular American drink Today people in the United States drink more coffee than people in any of the other countries People drink coffee at breakfast, at lunch, at dinner and between meals They drink hot coffee or coffee with ice in it They drink it at work and at home They eat coffee ice-cream and coffee candy Coffee is black and very strong Different people like to drink it in different ways Some people like coffee with cream or sugar in it Other people like coffee with both cream and sugar in it In all ways it is served Coffee has become an international drink

31 Coffee is an ____________ drink

A interesting B international C ice-cream D American

32 Different people like to drink coffee ____________

A at work or at home B in different ways C with cream or sugar D between meals

33 Today Americans drink ____________ coffee than people in any of the other countries

A as much as B less C more D most

34 “Coffee is black and very strong” The word STRONG here means ____________

A坚固的 B淡的 C清的 D浓的

35 ____________ is the most popular American drink

A Black tea B Coffee C Water with ice D Whisky

31-35 B B C D B

（8）

Computers are useful machines They can help people a lot in their everyday life For example, they can help people save much time, and they can help people work out many problems they can’t do easily Our country asks everyone to learn to use computers except the old people

Today more and more families own computers Parents buy computers for their children

They hope computers can help them improve (提高) their studies in school Yet many of the children use computers to play games, to watch video or to sing Karaoke, instead of studying So many teachers and parents complain (抱怨) that computers can not help children to study but make them fall behind So computers are locked by parents in the boxes

In some other countries, even some scientists hate computers They say computers let millions of people lost their jobs or bring them a lot of trouble

Will computers really bring trouble to people or can they bring people happiness It will be decided by people themselves

36 Why do we say the computer is a useful machine Because _______________

A our country asks us to learn it

B it can help us a lot

C we can use it to play games

D． it can help us to find jobs

37 What do many teachers and parents complain about _______________

A Their students and children use computers to play games

B Computers let them lost their jobs

C Computers make the students and children fall behind

D Computers bring people a lot of trouble

38 In this passage we know computers _______________

A also bring us trouble

B bring us happiness only

C are hated by people

D are bad for people’s health

39 Can computers really help children to study _______________

A Yes, they can B It’s hard to say C No, they can’t D Of course not

40 How do you understand the last sentence of this passage I think it means _______

A computers are used by people

B people can live well without computers

C one must decide how to use computers

D computers are strange machines

36-40 B C A A C

（9）

Once upon a time there lived an old man He had three sons One day, he called them together and said, "Sons, I will die soon To my oldest son I give half my camels, to my second, one-third(三分之一), and to my youngest, one-ninth (九分之一)" Soon after that he died

Now, the old man had seventeen camels, and the three brothers didn't know how to do as their father said They thought a long time about the problem, and it seemed that they must either kill some of the camels and cut them into pieces, or disobey their father At last they went to their father's old friend and asked for his advice As soon as he heard their story, he said, "I will help you I was a good friend of your father's I am old I have only one camel, but take it-it is yours"

The three sons thanked the old man and took his camel Now they found it was easy to do as their father wished, The oldest took half- that was nine camels; the second took one-third, that was six; and the youngest took one-ninth, that was two

After each had got his camels, they found that there was still a camel there So, to show their thanks to their father's friend, they gave the camel back to him

41 "Once upon a time" means " ________"

A long long ago B not very long ago

C at once D sometimes

42 The meaning of "disobey" in the second paragraph is" ________"

A 服从 B 违背 C 听从 D 嘲笑

43 The meaning of "asked for his advice" in the second paragraph is " ________"

A 向他请教 B 问他数量 C 批评他 D 劝告他

44 The second old man ________the three brothers

A was good to B was not good to C didn't like D cheated(哄骗)

45 Both the two old men in the story were ________

A foolish B clever C poor D rich

41-45 A B A A B

（10）

Tom lived by himself a long way from town He hardly went to town, but one day he went into town to buy a few things After he bought them, he went into a restaurant and sat down at a table When he looked around, he saw some old people put glasses on before reading their newspapers So after lunch he decided to go to a shop to buy himself one pair, too He walked along the road, and soon found a shop

The man in the shop let him try on a lot of glasses, but Tom always said, "No, I can't read with these"

The man became puzzled (迷惑的) , and he said, "Excuse me, but can you read"

"No, of course I can't!" Tom said angrily "If I could read before, do you think I would come here to buy your glasses"

46 Tom lived ______

A with his family B near town C in the country D in town

47 Tom didn't go to town______

A never B often C sometimes D sometime

48 Why did Tom decide to buy a pair of glasses

A Because he thought if he bought them, he could read

B Because they were very bright

C Because they were cheap

D Because he could read newspaper

49 Tom went to the shop to ______

A have a rest B have dinner C wear glasses D buy a pair of glasses

46-49 C B A D

(11)

We know mosquitoes very well Mosquitoes fly everywhere They can be found almost all over the world, and there are more than 2,500 kinds of them

No one likes the mosquito But the mosquito may decide if she loves you She Yes, she The male mosquito doesn’t bite! Only the female mosquito bites because she needs blood to lay eggs She is always looking for things or people she wants to bite If she likes what she finds, she bites But if she doesn’t like your blood, she will turn to someone else for more delicious blood Next time a mosquito bites you, just remember you are chosen You’re different from the others!

If the mosquito likes you, she lands on your body without letting you know She bites you so quickly and quietly that you may not feel anything different After she bites, you will have an itch(痒) on your body because she puts something from her mouth together with your blood When the itch begins, she has flown away

And then what happens Well, after her delicious dinner, the mosquito feels tired She wants to find a place to have a good rest There, in a tree or on a wall, she begins to lay eggs, hundreds of eggs

( )51All the people don’t like mosquitoes

( )52All mosquitoes like to bite people for blood

( )53If a mosquito wants to bite you, it means she is very tired

( )54The mosquito bites you too quickly and quietly to let you know

( )55The itch begins after the mosquito flies away

51-55 FFFTT

(12)

Do you know why different animals or pests(昆虫) have their special colours Colours in them seem to be used mainly to protect themselves

Some birds like eating locusts(蝗虫), but birds cannot easily catch them Why It is because locusts change their colours together with the change of the colours of crops(庄稼) When crops are green, locusts look green But as the harvest (收获)time comes, locusts change to the same brown colour as crops have Some other pests with different colours from plants are easily found and eaten by others So they have to hide themselves for lives and appear only at night

If you study the animal life, you’ll find the main use of colouring is to protect themselves Bears, lions and other animals move quietly through forests They cannot be easily seen by hunters This is because they have the colours much like the trees

Have you ever found an even more strange act A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind of very black liquid(液体) when it faces danger While the liquid spreads over(散开), its enemies(敌人) cannot find it And it immediately swims away So it has lived up to now though it is not strong at all

( )56From the passage we learn that locusts________

A are small animals

B are easily found by birds

C are dangerous to their enemies

D change their colours to protect themselves

( )57How can pests with different colours from plants keep out of danger

A They run away quickly

B They have the colours much like their enemies

C They hide themselves by day and appear at night

D They have to move quietly

( )58Bears and lions can keep safe because________

A they have the colours much like the trees

B they move quietly

C they like brown and grey colours

D they live in forests

( )59Why can the kind of fish live up to now

A Because it is very big and strong

Because the liquid it sends out can help it escape from its enemies

B Because the liquid it sends out can kill its enemies

C Because it swims faster than any other fish

( )60Which is the best title for this passage

A The Change of Colours for Animals and Pests

B Colours of Different Animals and pests

C The Main Use of Colours for Animals and Pests

D Some Animals and Pests

56-60 D C A B C

正德厚生,臻于至善是啥意思

这两句话分别典出我国古代文献《尚书》和《大学》中。

先说上半句“正德厚生”。这是《尚书·大禹谟》记载的帝舜和大禹在讨论如何治理国家对白中的话。大禹对帝舜说，您时常说的“德惟善政，政在养民。”我认为就是正德，利用，厚生，唯和。这是大禹阐述的治理国家的思想，并得到了帝舜的高度赞扬。

大禹的这句话是什么意思呢？按照《中庸》的说法，“正德”就是尽人之性，以正人德；尽物之性，以正物德。这里的德并不能简单地认为是道德的含义，而是指事物的属性，正，此处为使动用法，意为使事物的属性平正，不偏斜。利用，指利用自然资源。厚生，使生民的生活富足，充裕。和，和谐，协调。治理天下，“正德”置于首位，是“利用”、“厚生”的前提，既正人德，又正物德，方能利用自然资源，以达使人们生活富足、人际和谐之目的。

再来看下半句“臻于至善”。这句典出古代四书中的第一本《大学》，《大学》开宗明义就有这样一句：“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。” 意思就是，成年人为学的根本在于修明自身，用自己学问的道和德的成就，投向人间，亲身走入人群社会，亲近人民而为之服务，最终达到完美的境界。

“正德”是谓“正身之德、正物之德”，这个德，应该说就是一个因子或者基因，只有将一个健康的因子或基因植入一个机体，那么才能使其成长为一个健全而富有活力的生命体。无论是治理一个国家还是经营一个企业，首先要“正”这样的“德”，这是一个大前提。“厚生”则谓“厚民之生”，指要尊重、关爱、厚待社会民生及一切生命体，体现的是一种关爱民生、兼及天下的济世情怀。

“正德厚生、臻于至善”在表达上言简意赅，其寓意则深远旷达，传承著中国深厚的文化底蕴，又凸显了现代进取精神，既体现了中国移动的独有特质，又阐释了中国移动的历来信仰。“正德厚生”，是中国移动的行为责任规范与社会责任的宣言，表达了个体对自我的最高要求，充盈着人对自身严格的责任意识。 “臻于至善”，是一种永不止息、创新超越的进取状态和对完美境界孜孜不倦的追求精神，宣示了中国移动成为同业乃至所有企业公认典范的自我定位。

这就是“正德厚生，臻于至善”这一中紶移动企业核心价值观的微言大义！

“伊凝”是什么意思啊？ 5分

“百工伊凝，庶绩咸喜，荷天衢，提地厘。” 李善 注：“ 孔安国 《尚书》传曰：‘厘，理也。’上荷天道而下提地理，言则而效之。” 吕向 注：“天下之士皆欣荷天道之享通，统其地理以助君之安人也。地为臣道。提，统也。厘，理也。”

雪花秀臻秀系列好还是滋盈系列好

臻秀是雪花秀的高端系列，成分很好不说，还运用了很多爱茉莉公司的专利，当然是臻秀好。。就是价格差了2倍多，所以还是选择滋阴的人比较多，如果你有条件，秋冬当然是用臻秀好。。臻秀都不比whoo的还幼差。。相比之下，滋阴的功效就比较一般了。

淡然无极是什么意思

庄子“淡然无极”思想的美学意蕴

庄子反对五色五声之华美，崇尚虚静恬淡，高扬“淡然无极而众美从之”的境界。他的“淡”的思想具有极其丰富的审美意蕴，在后世繁衍出诸如“平淡”、“清淡”、“淡雅”、“淡泊”等众多相关的审美范畴群，形成一股强大的“平淡自然”的审美趣尚，主导著中国古代雅文化的审美价值观。学界研究庄子美学，多少涉及到他的崇“淡”思想，但专文探讨仍为数不多。本文拟从“淡”的基本层“虚静恬淡寂漠无为”分析其范畴的审美内涵，“淡”的引申层“不与物交，淡之至也”探求其形而上的超越性，“淡”的拓展层“淡然无极而众美从之”追寻其有无相生、虚实相济的境界所形成的巨大审美张力。

一、 虚静恬淡寂漠无为

“淡”的本义，指味不浓，浓度不高。《说文解字》释为“薄味也。醲之反也。酉部曰：本醲，厚酒也。”《管子•水地》：“淡也者，五味之中也。” 尹知章注：“无味谓之淡”。

对“淡”的推崇始于老子，老子赋予君子之道以“淡”的性格，并将它超拔于世俗的欲望之上。“淡”在《老子》全文中出现了两次，第一次出现在关于兵器的文字中：“夫佳兵者不祥之器，物或恶之，故有道者不处。君子居则贵左，用兵则贵右。兵者不祥之器，非君子之器，不得已而用之，恬淡为上”（《老子》三十一章）。老子在对用兵的否定态度中，提出“恬淡为上”为“有道者”、“君子”的处世之道。第二次出现，与五色五声相关：“乐与饵，过客止。道之出口淡乎其无味。视之不足见。听之不足闻。用之不足既”（《老子》三十五章）。这里的“淡”，是耳目声色口腹之欲的对立面，指“道”无味、无形、无声却取之不尽，用之不竭。可见，“淡”在《老子》中虽然只提到过两次，却已然明示了其“恬淡为上”的高品位与“用之不足既”的无穷潜力。

庄子对老子“淡”的思想大加发挥，不仅出现的频率高得多，内涵也丰富得多。“淡”在《庄子》中出现了十六次，其中单字六次，词十次。其基本内涵是“虚静恬淡寂漠无为”，主要体现为无所矫饰的素朴、寓动于静的恬淡以及基于个体生命体验的幽独之美。本文拟先从文本中坐实理解以求迹近于原貌，再据此阐发其美学意蕴。

首先，“淡”体现为无所矫饰的素朴。“汝游心于淡，合气于漠，顺物自然而无容私焉，而天下治焉”（《庄子•应帝王》），“游心于淡”，郭象注：“其任性而无所饰焉则淡矣”，认为“淡”合乎人无所修饰的自然本性，自然本性是什么？庄子曰：“同乎无欲，是谓素朴。素朴而民性得矣” （《庄子•马蹄》），认为自然本性就是素朴。“素”的本义是白色生绢，“朴”的本义是本色的木材，“淡”以“素朴”为基调，因此它“纯粹而不杂，静一而不变，淡而无为，动而以天行，此养神之道也”（《庄子•刻意》）。

可见，“淡”是洗尽铅华的“朴”美，是不染纤尘的纯美，它远离感官 ，远离是非功利，不染人间烟火，给人以洁净之感。庄子曰：“机心存于胸中则纯白不备。纯白不备则神生不定，神生不定者，道之所不载也”（《庄子•天地》）。五色五声乃世俗之音，只能绚丽一时，而不能持久品味，正如老子所说“乐与饵，过客止” （《老子》三十五章），而纯白素净之美，因圣洁而给人以崇高感，这种崇高感源于内在的精神力量，精神美是恒久的，因此“淡”之美是“淡而不厌”，历久弥醇。

其次，“淡”具有“恬静”之美，并且静中有动。在“淡”所组成的词中，“恬淡”出现的频率最高，共有七次：

释夫恬淡无为而悦夫哼哼之意,哼哼已乱天下矣。（《庄子•胠箧》）

夫虚静恬淡寂漠无为者，天地之平而道德之至也。故帝王圣人休焉

威娜臻活盈彩精华液露是泰国生产,为什么包装上有日文

贴牌的，也可能是合资的，引进了日本的生产技术

vaqua活泉臻透盈润精华水体验装怎么用法

你好，很高兴为你解答！

还可以。洗后不会干。但是没有广告做的那么好。有点小 ，不能往眼周边用。

另外个人觉得洗面奶最主要就是清洁啦，其他什么功效的并不能起多大作用

顶多一些说是补水保溼的让你洗完后觉得舒服，毕竟就停留在脸上那么一会就洗掉了。当然，个人观点啦。

痛快，快乐，开心，，什么意思，难道这么解释吗，痛很快 很快的乐了， 心开了一口叫开心吗，谢谢了

有种叫做痛并著快乐

屠龙为生是什么意思

英语:Paladin

蛮族推翻西罗马帝国后，在其境内建立了一系列蛮族国家，其中对后来的欧洲格局影响最大的国家当数法兰克王国。三百多年以后，法兰克王国在查理大帝的手中臻于鼎盛。查理一生南征北战，历经过五十多次的战争，将西欧大陆的绝大部分土地纳入自己的版图，并由罗马教皇加冕为“伟大的罗马人”。这样在西罗马帝国灭亡三百多年以后，欧洲又出现了一个“罗马人”的帝国——查理曼帝国。

“帕拉丁”(Paladin)与“palace”（宫殿）一词来源于拉丁语“ palatinus ”，意指“属于巴拉丁山的”；“Paladin”最早指代古罗马的12舞蹈祭司（Salii),由年轻贵族，受礼过的战士，神职者等组成。“paladin”一词包含3层含义：骑士精神、中世纪传说中的骑士或英雄、查理曼大帝的近侍。

最早关于圣骑士的传说来自《罗兰之歌》，指跟随查理大帝征战四方的近侍和近卫部队。“12圣骑士”中“12”这个数字取自基督教12门徒，并不单纯指具体的12位武士。后世广为流传的12圣骑士为：勇者罗兰，勇者蒙特班，罗兰的远亲莱拿多，大主教托宾，魔法师马拉吉吉，丹麦王子奥吉尔，不列坦尼国王所罗门，闻名遐迩的英格兰美男子艾斯托佛，法兰利亚公爵那摩，弗罗雷斯马特，斐兰巴拉斯，背叛者加尼隆。罗马教皇加冕查理大帝后，这十二名武士也自然而然地荣升为“神的侍者”，成为“圣骑士”的代名词。其实，查理曼手下的这十二名武士尚不能被称为骑士，因为他们所秉承的依然是蛮族人的战斗精神。

真正意义上的骑士是从公元八世纪下半期、欧洲进入封建时代以后开始的。由于封建君主的武士必须装备齐全，拥有良好的坐骑和一定数量的随从，因此要有经济上的支持，于是那些大贵族便通过向武士分封土地，既满足了他们对土地这一中世纪最重要的财产形式的要求，也使他们成为大贵族的附庸。越来越多的武士在对土地财产的追求下，渐渐形成了一个附庸于大贵族的特定阶层——骑士阶层。

此后骑士制度及在整个欧洲获得了进一步的发展，尤其是近两个世纪的十字军运动，为西欧的骑士阶层提供了一个生存和发挥作用的广阔天地。在这一过程中，蛮族人野蛮好斗的因素与基督教的神圣信仰融合在一起，使那些破坏和平、以刀剑为生的武士一跃而成为基督的卫士。“结果，骑士最终成为受到崇奉的人，他不仅发誓效忠于其主人，而且立誓成为教会的卫士、寡妇和孤儿的保护人……以这种方式，骑士脱离了其蛮族和异教的背景，而被整合于基督教文化的社会结构中。结果，骑士像神甫和农民那样，被视为社会不可或缺的三个器官之一。”剑士是中世纪的重装步兵部队。早期的剑士也被叫做Footman，意指靠腿走路的人，就是纯粹普通的步兵。这个时期的步兵穿戴全身锁子甲，兵器组合中以单手剑加盾的方式最为常见。

随着时代的进步，剑士的装备越来越精良，训练和配备费用也越来越昂贵。

锁子甲可以对付砍削和弓箭，但由于是软性装甲的关系，遇到敲砸型的武器就一点办法都没有，比如链锤、连枷或是那个名字很好听的晨星。双手剑用一招“力劈华山”迎头砸下，也能砸得锁子甲里的人筋断骨折。因此步兵防具发展成锁子甲再加胸甲，说是胸甲，其实也包括手臂和腿部的硬式护甲，关节活动部分才用柔软的锁子甲连接。

对头部的保护从“披头士”式的锁子甲包覆改成配备头盔，且头盔向全面包裹型演化。发展到后来，剑士已经拥有不输于骑士的全身重铠，全覆盖型头盔仅在正面开了条细缝，虽然视野受到很大限制，用于防箭和其它尖锐兵器还算有效。

盾牌由水滴形的Kite Shield发展为接近三角型的Heater Shield，这个名字是由于其形状像老式的熨斗而来。这种盾亦经常被称为骑士盾。盾牌多用木制

祛斑应该选择科学的祛斑方式，并且选择具备正规备案的祛斑产品，但是祛斑只用祛斑产品是不行的。还需要结合自身色斑形成的具体原因来分析如何科学祛斑的。

祛斑单单只依靠一种祛斑产品是不能够把色斑去除的，首先要分析身子色斑形成的具体原因，根据色斑形成的原因选择适合自己的祛斑方式和正规的祛斑产品才是科学的祛斑方式。

想要彻底的祛斑，首先要知道斑是怎么形成的，从问题的根源出发，才能更好的找到解决问题的关键办法。知道原因，我们在祛除斑的时候才能事半功倍。

遗传因素：雀斑很多都是是常染色体显性遗传。

月经周期：雀斑也有与月经周期有关，女人比男人更容易有雀斑;

日晒因素：主要是阳光紫外线照射对肌肤的伤害，会使黑色素分泌沉淀，夏季在紫外线照射下，雀斑的颜色就会加深，要做好及时修复

精神压力大：精神压力大必然会分泌肾上腺素，长期受到压力的话人体的代谢平衡就会被破坏，皮肤所需要的营养供应就比较缓慢，色素细胞就会变得活跃。

色斑的形成原因是比较多，大致就可以分为外部原因和内部原因。

除了选择使用适合自己的祛斑方式之外，在日常生活中还应该注意以下几点：

保证良好的作息时间，不要熬夜；

注意饮食。多吃清淡食物和新鲜蔬果,少吃油腻的食物,不要喝太多的茶、咖啡等。慎用化妆品。不要频繁的更换化妆品类型,拒绝选择含有激素、铅及其他不明添加剂的化妆品。保准睡眠充足。经常熬夜、睡眠不足,会加重黑色素的沉淀,易产生雀斑。每天晚上至少保证8小时的休息时间。防止便秘。便秘会使体内的毒素堆积,没办法正常的排泄出来,使得毒素全部在体内形成黑色素,从而以雀斑的形式出现在皮肤上。雀斑患者应保持心情舒畅,避免过分忧虑,有足够睡眠是防治雀斑最好的方法;雀斑患者出门时,应避免阳光直射。因为雀斑的形成与日晒有明显的关系;雀斑患者可多食含有维生素C和E的食物;雀斑患者尽量少吃酱油、牛肉、酱菜、虾、蟹、酒、咖啡等食品;我们平时吃的食盐竟然有去斑的作用。具体做法:食盐一茶匙,白芷粉六茶匙,菊花粉2茶匙,白醋半茶匙,混和加水成糊状,敷于面部斑迹之处,隔日一次。