Why To Mark a Book 怎样在书上做标记
1 You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading I want to persuade you to "write between the lines" Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading
1、你知道读书必须要阅读“字里行间的言外之意”，以求最充分的理解(to get the most out of anything)。我劝(persuade)你在读书过程中(in the course of your reading)做一件同等重要的事情(to do something equally important);我劝你“在字里行间里写字”。不这样做(unless)，就达不到最有效的阅读效果。
2 I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but love
2、坦率地说，我认为(contend)，在书上涂抹标记(marking up a book)不是一种损毁行为(an act of mutilation)，而是爱。
3 You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them Most of the world's great books are available today, in reprint editions, for a modest sum
3、当然，你不应该(shouldn't)在不属于你的书上做标记。借给你书的图书管理员(或者你的朋友)希望你保持书的整洁，你应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做标记颇有益处这番话是对的，你就得自己买书。现在，绝大部分世界上的好书都有再版(reprint edition)，我们很容易买到，并且价格合理(a modest sum)。
4 There are two ways in which you can own a book The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes, and furniture But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it An illustration may make the point clear You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good
4、一个人拥有书的方式有两种，第一种是花钱(by paying for it)取得(establish)财产所有权(property right)，就像(just as)你花钱买衣服和家具一样。但是，这种购买行为仅是拥有书的前提(prelude to possession)。只有你将它化为自己的一部分后，你才完全占有了它(full ownership comes);同时，把你自己融入书中的最好方法就是在书中写字(by writing in it)。打个比方可能使这个观点更清楚(An illustration may make the point clear)。你买了一块牛排(beefsteak)，把它从屠夫的冰箱里移到了你自己的冰箱里。但是，从最重要的意义上说(in the most important sense)，你并没有拥有这块牛排，除非你吃下它并将它吸收进你的血液(bloodstream)之中。我的观点是(I am arguing that)，书的营养也必须应该被“吸收到血液”中，才能对你有所裨益。
5 Confusion about what it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding, and type-a respect for the physical thing-the craft of the printer rather than the genius of the author They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without staking his claim by pasting his bookplate inside the cover Having a fine library doesn't prove that its owner has a mind enriched by books; it proves nothing more than that he, his father, or his wife, was rich enough to buy them
5、对于“拥有书籍”的真正含义的(about what it means to own a book)误解(confusion)使人们错误地崇敬(a false reverence)纸张、装订和样式-这是对物质的崇敬(a respect for the physical thing)-是崇敬印刷工人的技艺(craft)，而不是书籍作者的才华。他们忘记了，即使不在(without)封面里贴上藏书票(by pasting his bookplate inside the cover)表明自己对书籍的拥有，人们也可以从一本伟大的著作中获得它的精神(to acquire that idea)，领略它的美丽(to possess the beauty)。一个好书房并不能证明它的主人学富五车;仅仅(nothing more than)说明他、他的父亲或是他的妻子有钱买书而已。
6 There are three kinds of book owners The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers-unread, untouched (This deluded individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books) The second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance) The third has a few books or many every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back (This man owns books)
6、书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人拥有全部的标准成套书和畅销书(best-sellers)--既没读过，也没碰过(unread, untouched)。(这种人占有的只是纸浆和油墨，不是书籍。)第二种人藏书很多--其中几本(a few of them)被通读过(read through 仔细阅读)，大部分(most of them)则浅尝辄止(dip into 浏览, 稍加审视)，但是所有的书都跟新买时一样整洁光亮(as clean and shiny as the day they were bought)。(这种人可能想使书籍真地为其所用，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。第三种人藏书或多或少--因不断使用，每本书都书角卷起(dog-eared)，破旧不堪(dilapidated)，装订破损，书页松散(loosened)，全书从扉页至末页都画满了记号，涂满了字句(scribble)。(这种人才是书的真正拥有者。)
7 Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition Of course not I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or a statue
7、你可能要问，将一本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好，难道也是不恰当的吗当然不是(of course not)。我绝不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写(scribble)，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一盒蜡笔交给我的孩子任意涂抹一样!(no more…than 与…同样不) 我决不会在一幅绘画或者一座雕像上做标记。可以说，它们的灵魂与它们的躯体是不可分的。(be inseparable from 不可与分开) 精美的善本或丰富的卷册就像一幅绘画和一座雕像。
8 But the soul of a book can be separated from its body A book is more like the score of a piece of music than it is like a painting No great musician confuses a symphony with the printed sheet of music Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms, but Toscanini's score of the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestro himself could read it The reason why a great conductor makes notations on his musical scores-marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them-is the reason why you should mark your books If your respect for magnificent binding or typography gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author
8、但是，一本书的灵魂能够从它的躯体里分离出来。与其说它像一幅画(a printing)，还不如说它更像一首乐曲的总谱(the scroe of a piece of music; scroe音乐总谱;(**等的)配乐; a piece of music 一段音乐;一首音乐;一首乐曲)。任何伟大的音乐家都不会将一首交响曲(a symphony)和一张印刷的乐谱相混淆。托斯卡尼尼非常崇敬(revere)博拉姆斯，但他的C小调交响曲的乐谱上画满了标记，以致(that)只有大师本人 (no noe but the maestro himself) 才能看懂。为什么一个伟大的指挥家(a great conductor)会在乐谱上做记号(make notations)-甚至每次研究都会重复标记-其中的奥妙正是你应该在书上做记号的原因。如果你对华美的(magnificent)装帧和印刷的尊重妨碍(get in the way)你读书的话，就给自己买一种便宜的版本，同时对书的作者表达敬意就可以了。
9 Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading First, it keeps you awake (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written That marked book is usually the thought-through book Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed
9、为什么在阅读过程中在书上做标记是必不可少的(indispensable)呢首先，它会使你保持清醒。(我指的不是仅仅神智清醒(merely conscious);我的意思是它能使你全神贯注(wide awake)。)其次(in the second place)，如果阅读(reading)是一种能动的行为，那么它就是思考，而想法(thinking)常常需借助口头的或书面的语言来表达出来。做过记号的书，通常是读者认真思考过的书(the thought-through book)。最后，写可以帮助你记住阅读时的思想，或作者所表达的思想。
10 If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, Gone 14h'th the Wind, doesn't require the most active kind of reading The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the songs of a popular singer You have to reach for them That you cannot do while you're asleep
10、如果(你的)阅读的目的不仅仅是(more than)消磨时间(passing time)，那就应该是一种积极的思维活动，仅仅让你的眼睛在书上扫视一遍，你不可能对所读的'内容(what you have read)有所理解。当然，一部普通的消遣小说(light fiction)，比如说(like, say,)《飘》，并不需要那种最积极的思维式的阅读。作为消遣的书，可以轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美，试图提出(raise)带根本性的重大问题并加以回答的伟大著作，则要求你尽可能地进行(of which you are capable; be capable of v能够)最积极的阅读。你不可能像欣赏(absorb)流行歌曲那样领略(absorb)杜威的思想。你要花力气才能获得，漫不经心是做不到的。
11 If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know you read actively The most famous active reader of great books I know was President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago He also had the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know He invariably read with a pencil, and sometimes, when he picked up a book and pencil in the evening, he found himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he called "caviar factories" on the margins When that happened, he put the book down He knew he was too tired to read, and was just wasting time
11、如果，你读完一本书的时候，书页上写满了你的批注(your notes)，你就知道自己的阅读是积极的(actively)。我知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大著作的人(the most famous active reader of great books)是芝加哥大学的校长哈金斯。他也是我所知道的公务最繁忙的人(the hardest schedule of business activities of any man)。他读书时总是(invariably= always)拿着铅笔。有时，当他在晚上拿起书和铅笔的时候，发觉自己并没有(instead of)在做有意义的笔记(intelligent notes)，而是在页边空白处(on the margins)乱涂乱画一些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”(caviar factories)的东西。一出现这种情况，他就会放下书本。他知道自己太累了以致读不下去，(再继续看书)完全是在浪费时间。
练习:
1I want to persuade you _______ something equally important in the course of your reading
A doing B to do C to doing D have done
2 There are two ways _____ you can own a book
A by which B of which C in which D with which
3 I am arguing that books must _____ your bloodstream to do you any good
A absorb in B be absorbed in C soak in D suck in
4 Confusion about ____ it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding and type—the craft of printer rather than the genius of the author
A which B that C what D whose
5 They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without _____ his claim by ____ his bookplate inside the cover
A starting, pasting B staking, passing C staking, pasting D stake, paste
6 Having a fine library doesn’t prove that its owner has a mind _____ by books
A rich B colorful C enriching D enriched
7 The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them ____, but all of them as clean and shiny as they ____
A dipped into, bought B dip into, were bought
C dip into, buy D dipped into, were bought
8 A book is _____ like the score of a piece of music _____ it is like a painting
A no more, than B more, than C same, as D too, to
9 Why is marking up a book ____ to reading
A dependable B indispensable C dependent D disposal
10 A book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading _____ you are capable
A to which B of which C by which D to what
答案： 1B 2C 3B 4C 5C 6D 7D 8B 9B 10B
翻译：
drilling fluid （钻井液）
casing （套管）
wellhead （井口）
anchor （锚）
compensator （补偿）
cementing consulting （固井咨询）
LIH charges （立收费）
CSS equipment （设备的CSS）
WCP （世界气候）
17 Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say That could be a very false conclusion Who knows what you may be missing It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package Better to judge him after you have heard him out
17、关注个人式聆听(Personality Listening)(8)：过分关注讲话者的长相(the speaker looks)或是他说话的方式(how he talks)，那么他所说的内容(what he says)就很难入心(fail to penetrate)。也许你会下意识地(unconsciously)认为这样穿着或这样讲话的人(a person who dresses or speaks like that)不会说出什么有见地的话来(can’t have musch to say)。这样的结论实属错误(这可能会是一个非常错误的结论)。谁能知道你会错过什么俗话说(it’s the old story)，不要从包装来判断礼物的价值(人不可貌相)。最好在倾听完(hear out)之后再作评价。
18 Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention-and win Your father gives you a list of errands But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them You have to telephone home for a repeat performance And you can't really blame your father for being irritated Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds
18、半个耳朵式聆听(Half-An-Ear Listening)(9)：常常会有其他的声音来吸引(compete for)你的注意力--还占了上风。比如，父亲正在给你交待要办的事情(a list of errands)，他的声音不得不与收音机里传来的你最喜欢的歌声相抗衡(compete with)。后来你发现这样“半个耳朵听”根本不行，因为你没有听到并记住父亲的话，于是只能打电话回家再次询问。你实在不能责怪父亲为此发火(irritated)。如果可能，最好关掉收音机、关上门挡住繁杂的噪音(把吸引你的声音关在门外)。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被这些声音所吸引。
19 So there are the forces-some within ourselves, some outside-that work against us in our efforts to listen But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits
19、所以，某些因素(-既有内在的，也有外在的-)总是阻碍(work against)我们去全力倾听。然而，一旦认识了它们并了解如何去克服，在聆听时我们就一定能够改掉(get rid of)这些耗时低效的坏习惯。
练习：
1Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty____ one to nine bad listening faults
A from of B of from C in from D from in
2 But apparently the words had ____ right off her ears
A bind B bound C bounded D bounced
3 There are about nine ways of listening that net us ____ but trouble
A anything B something C nothing D one thing
4 Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr Nichols, you must _____ guilty to several of the following bad listening habits
A please B plead C pleasure D plus
5 Without warning, they have taken ____ your mind entirely
A place B over C off D down
6 So what to do to keep daydream from _____ in
A filtering B filling C filled D feeling
7 Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming ___
A broad-minded B narrow-minded C mindful D strong-minded
8 You pretend _____ close attention, but you are thinking something else
A giving B to giving C to be giving D to be given
9 Your eyes give you ____, if your absent-minded answers don’t
A up B in C away D off
10 If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make ____
A sense B sensible C sensitive D sensation
11 But while you are busy _____facts A, B, and C in your mind, you are losing out facts D and E
A to plant B planting C plant D to planting
12 You are unable ____ fully on listening
A to contribute B to concentrate C to conclude D to concern
13 Where note-taking is necessary---and you may be surprised to find out ____ it isn’t if you concentrate fully on listening---try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two
A how much B how often C how many D how old
14 You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks ____ ___ he says fails to penetrate
A so, what B that, which C so, that D that, what
15 Your father’s voice must compete _____ your favorite song on the radio _____ your attention
A for, for B for, with C with, for D with, of
16 And you can’t really blame your father for ______
A irritate B being irritating C irritating D being irritated
17 Once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to ___ wasteful listening habit
A get rid of B rid of C getting rid of D be got rid of
答案： 1B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6A 7B 8C 9C 10A11B 12B 13B 14D 15C 16D 17C
油气藏地质复习题目
一、 名词解释
1、莫霍面：莫霍面位于地表以下数公里到30—40km深度，纵波达到这一界面后，其速度由平均6—7km/s突然升到81km/s，这一突变具有全球性，此界面的深度在大陆深，在海洋浅。
2、矿物：矿物是指由地质作用所形成的天然单质或化合物。
3、解理：矿物晶体在外力的作用下，严格按一定结晶方向破裂并形成光滑平面的性质，称为解理。
4、变质作用：基本处于固态的源岩，由于温度、压力及化学活动性流体的作用，使矿物成分、化学成分或结构发生变化，称为变质作用。
5、沉积分异：在搬运过程中，随着介质流速的减小和动能的减弱，碎屑物质要按照比重的大小、粒度的粗细、球度的好坏以及成分依次有规律地沉积。从河流的上游到下游，出现粒度从粗到细，相对密度由大到小，球度由差到好的分异作用。
6、地层：地层是指具有某些共同特征和属性，与相邻岩层存在明显差异、具有一定地质年代的岩层或岩石组合。
7、褶皱：褶皱是指层状岩石的各种面受力后所产生的弯曲变形现象，是岩石塑性的具体表现。
8、背斜：背斜是地层向上弯曲，核心部分的地层较老，外侧地层逐渐变新。
9、断层：岩石沿断裂面有明显位移的断裂构造称为断层。
10、矿化度：矿化度是指单位体积水中所含溶解状态的固体物质总量。
11、生油门限：随着埋藏深度增加，当温度升高到一定数值，有机质才开始大量转化为石油，这个温度界限称为有机质的成熟温度，又称门限温度，其对应的深度称为门限深度。
12、油型气：油型气是指腐泥型或腐殖——腐泥型沉积有机质进入成熟阶段以后所形成的天然气，它包括伴随生油过程形成的湿气以及高成熟和过成熟阶段由干酪根和液态烃裂解形成的凝析油伴生气和裂解干气。
13、烃源岩：烃源岩是指已经生成并排出足以形成商业性油气聚集的烃类的岩石。
14、裂缝：裂缝是指岩石发生破裂作用而形成不连续、有一定延伸长度、片状或板状的空间。
15、有效孔隙度：在当前工艺技术条件下，使储集层的油气产量达到工业油气流下限的孔隙度值为有效孔隙度下限值，凡等于或大于有效孔隙度下限值的孔隙度称为有效孔隙度。
16、排驱压力：排驱压力指非润湿相开始进入岩样最大喉道的压力。
17、油气运移：初次运移是指油气从生油层向储集层的运移。二次运移是指油气进入储集层或运载层之后至聚集起来之前所发生的一切运移，其包括了已经形成的油乞聚集因外界地质条件改变而引起的再次运移。
18、圈闭：地下运移的油气在一定条件下停止运移而集中聚集起来形成油气聚集，这种适合油气聚集、形成油气藏的场所就称为圈闭。
19、油气藏：油气在单一圈闭中的聚集称为油气藏。如果在圈闭中只聚集了石油，则称油藏；只聚集了天然气，则称气藏；二者同时聚集，则称为油气藏。
20、生储盖组合：在地层剖面中，源岩层、储集层、盖层在空间上和时间上的组合关系，称为生储盖组合。
21、油气田：油气田是指受单一因素或多种因素所控制的，在一定的产油气面积内的油藏、气藏、油气藏的总和。如果只有油藏，称为油田，只有气藏，称为气田。
22、含油气盆地：已经发现油气田（藏）或已有油气显示的沉积盆地以及具备油气生、运、聚条件的沉积盆地。
23、成分成熟度：碎屑沉积组分在风化、搬运沉积作用的改造下，接近最终产物的程度。
24、油气聚集带：所谓油气聚集带，指同一个二级构造带或岩性岩相变化带中，互有成因联系、油气聚集条件相似的一系列油气田的总和。（沉积运移作用没找到）
25、排替压力：某一岩样中的湿润相流体被非湿润相流体开始排替所需的最低压力
二、问答题
1、岩浆作用与变质作用的差别
岩浆作用分为喷出作用各侵入作用，岩浆喷出地表的作用称为喷出作用，双称为火山作用；深部岩浆向上运移，侵入周围岩石而示到达地表，称为侵入作用。基本处于固态的原岩，由于温度压力及化学活动性流体的作用，使矿物成分、化学成分或结构发生变化，称为变质作用。其又分为接触变质作用、区域变质作用、动力变质作用、混合岩化作用。
2风化作用的类型、产物及影响因素
风化作用包括物理风化作用、化学风化作用和手物风化作用三种基本类型；地壳表层岩石风化的结果，形成了三种性质不同的风化产物：碎屑残留物质、新后成的矿物和溶解物质；影响风化作用的主要因素有母岩成分、气候和地形等。
3、角度不整合接触怎样形成
角度不整合接触的特点是不整合上下两套地层呈角度相交，其间有剥蚀面相分隔，上覆岩层覆盖于倾斜地层侵蚀面之上，并与剥蚀面产状一致；地层时代是不连续的，其岩性和古生物特征是突变的，不整合面上也往往保存着古侵蚀面。有时还伴有岩浆作用和变质作用，遭受长期侵蚀，形成剥蚀面；然后地壳下降，在剥蚀面上接受新的沉积，形成新地层。
4、背斜和向斜的地表特征
背斜是地层向上弯曲，核心部分的地层较老，外侧地层逐渐变新。向斜是地层向下弯曲，核心部分的地层较新，外侧地层逐渐变老。
5、沉积岩形成过程
a、沉积岩原始物质（主要是母岩的风化产物）的形成阶段 b、沉积岩原始物质的搬运和沉积阶段（沉积物的形成阶段）c、沉积后作用阶段（包括沉积物的同生作用和准同生作用阶段、沉积物的成岩作用阶段、沉积岩的后生作用阶段）。
6、断层的主要类型和在野外怎样识别
根据断层两盘的相对位移关系分类：正断层：上盘相对下降，下盘相对上升的断层；逆断层：上盘相对上升，下盘相对下降的断层；平移断层：断层两盘沿断层面走向方向作水平位移，规模巨大的平移断层叫做走向滑动断层。
断层的野外识别：构造的不连续：断层通常将地质体和构造绿断错开，使地质体和构造在平面或剖面上发生突然中断，造成地质界线和构造线的不连续；地层的重复和缺失：地层的重复和缺失现象，是判断断层存在的一个重要标志；断层面的构造特征：断层面上存在擦痕，断层破碎带中会出现断层角砾岩等；地层产状的突然改变：地层产状也是断层存在的重要标志。
7、盖层的封闭机理
物性封闭：是指依靠盖层的最大喉道与储集层的最小孔隙之间的毛细管压力差来封盖圈闭中的油气；超压封闭：是指地层孔隙流体压力比其对应的静水压力高，依靠盖层异常高孔隙压力封闭油气。烃浓度封闭：是指具有一定的生烃能力的地层为盖层，以较高的烃浓度阻滞下伏油气向上扩散运移， 这种封闭主要是对以扩散方式向上运移的油气起作用。
8、油气运移的动力、通道
初次运移的动力：正常压实产生的剩余流体压力；欠压实作用产生的异常高压；蒙脱石脱水作用；流体热增压作用；有机质的生烃作用；渗析作用。
油气初次运移的主要通道路包括：较大孔隙与微层理面、构造裂缝与断层、微裂缝、有机质或干酪根网络。
油气二次运移的动力有：浮力、水动力、构造应力、分子扩散力和分子渗透力等。
油气二次运移的主要通道路有：连通孔隙、裂缝、断层各不整合面。
9、生储盖组合的类型有哪几种
根据生、储、盖三者在时间上的相互配置关系，可将生储盖组合分为四种基本类型；正常式生储盖组合、侧变式生储盖组合、顶生式生储盖组合、自生、自储、自盖式生储盖组合。
10、影响圈闭有效性的因素
影响圈闭有效性的主要因素有以下几个方面：圈闭位置与油源区的远近关系、圈闭位置与油气主要运移路线的关系、圈闭形成时间与油气主要运移期的匹配关系。
11、油气藏类型
按照圈闭的成因不同，可以把油气藏分为：构造圈闭油气藏、岩性圈闭油气藏、地层圈闭油气藏、水动力圈闭油气藏
及复合圈闭油气藏。
12、含油气盆地概念及形成条件
含油气盆地：指已经发现油气田（藏）或已有油气显示的沉积盆地，以及具备油气生运聚条件的沉积盆地。
其形成必须具备三个条件：首先必须是沉积盆地；二是在漫长的地质历史时期曾经不断地沉降、接受沉积，具备油气生成与聚集的有利条件；三是在地质历史时期中曾经发生过油气。
三、论述题
1、油气藏形成条件
油气藏的形成过程就是在各种成藏要素的有效匹配下，油气从分散到集中的转化过程。 这些要素可归结为四个基本条件：充足的油气来源，有利的生储盖组合，有效的圈闭和良好的保存条件。
2、影响碎屑岩储集层形成的因素
沉积作用因素：母岩性质及物源供应对储层发育的影响，岩石组分对储层发充的影响，岩石结构对储层孔隙发育的影响，沉积构造对储层孔隙发育的影响；成岩作用因素：压实、压溶作用对碎屑岩储集层的影响，胶结作用对碎屑岩储集层的影响，溶蚀、交代作用对碎屑岩储集层的影响；构造因素：断裂，区域性抬升。
3、影响碳酸盐岩储集性能的因素
沉积环境：各类浅滩环境，生物礁环境，潮坪环境；成岩作用：溶解作用，胶结作用，白云石化作用，重结晶作用；构造作用：控制裂缝发育的岩性因素，控制裂缝发育的构造因素。
4、碳酸盐岩的孔隙类型
按成因，孔隙可划分为原生孔隙各次生孔隙两大类。原生孔隙除粒间孔隙外，生物体腔孔隙、生物骨架孔隙、晶间孔隙、鸟眼孔隙是碳酸盐岩所特有的。次生孔隙除受组构控制的粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间溶孔等外，还发育非组构控制的不规则状溶洞孔。
IADC Well Classification System for Underbalanced Operations and Managed Pressure Drilling
IADC （世界钻井承包商协会）对欠平衡作业与控制压力钻井的油井分类体系
The purpose of the IADC Well Classification System is to describe the overall risk, application category and fluid system used in underbalanced operations (UBO) and managed pressure drilling (MPD) Wells are classified according to:
IADC 油井分类体系的目的是描述用于欠平衡作业与控制压力钻井（MPD）的整体风险、应用范畴以及钻井液系统。油井按照如下分类：
Risk Level (0 to 5)
Application Category (A, B or C)
Fluid System (1 to 5)
风险等级（0 - 5）
应用范畴（A、B 或 C）
钻井液系统（1 - 5）
This classification system provides a framework for defining minimum equipment
requirements, specialized procedures, and safety management practices For further
information refer to the IADC UBO HSE Planning Guidelines and other related documents
本分类体系描述了确定最小设备用量、制定作业程序，以及安全管理实践所要求的基本框架。若有更详尽的要求，请参照 IADC UBO HSE 规划指南，与其他相关文件。
Risk Levels
风险等级描述
Generally, risk increases with operational complexity and potential well productivity The
examples provided are for guidance only
总的来说，风险随作业复杂系数与潜在油井生产力而提高，下面例举仅仅作为指南。
Level 0 – Performance enhancement only; no hydrocarbon containing zones
0 等级 - 仅用于强化作业，不含烃（碳氢化合物）区域
Air drilling for ROP enhancement
空气钻井，适用于ROP 强化作业
Level 1 – Well incapable of natural flow to surface Well is inherently stable and is a low level risk from a well control point of view
1 等级 - 油井无天然流量至地面。油井基本稳定，根据井控估计，有低产风险
Sub-normally pressured oil wells
低压作业油井
Level 2 – Well is capable of natural flow to surface, but can be controlled using conventional well kill methods Catastrophic equipment failure may have limited consequences
2 等级 - 油井有天然流量至地面，但需要用常规压井作业才能得以控制。严重的设备的不足引起的故障可能限作业程序。
Abnormally-pressured water zones
非正常压力水区域
Low flow rate oil or gas wells
低流量油气井
Depleted gas wells
贫瘠气井
Level 3 – Geothermal and non-hydrocarbon bearing formations Maximum anticipated shut-in pressure (MASP) is less than UBO/MPD equipment pressure rating
3 等级 - 低热与无碳氢化合物地层。最大预期关闭压力（MASP）小于UBO/MPD设备的额定容量
Includes geothermal wells with H2S present
包括低热井，伴生H2S
Level 4 – Hydrocarbon bearing formation Maximum anticipated shut-in pressure is less than UBO/MPD equipment operating pressure rating Catastrophic equipment failure will likely have immediate serious consequences
等级 4 - 碳氢化合物地层。最大预期关闭压力小于UBO/MPD设备的作业压力额定容量。严重的设备的不足引起的故障很有可能导致严重顺坏作业程序。
High pressure and/or high flow potential reservoir
高压和/或高流量的潜在油藏
Sour oil and gas wells
含硫油气井
Offshore environments
海洋环境
Simultaneous drilling and production operations
钻井与生产同步进行
这样可以么
orimulsionn 奥里乳化油；奥里油
FPSOabbr 浮式生产储油轮；浮式生产储存卸货装置（Floating Production Storage and Offloading）
网络释义-FPSO： 浮式生产储油船；海上浮式生产储油船；浮式生产储油装置；浮式生产储油轮浮式生产储油船
浮式生产储油船(FPSO)作为一种新型的工程船舶广泛地用于海洋石油资源开发中它自身没有推进系统,只是通
海上浮式生产储油船
海上浮式生产储油船（FPSO）是近年来海洋工程中新的高附加值产品，对开采的石油进行油水分离，原油产品储存和外输。
浮式生产储油装置
作者：吴伦楷;摘要：介绍我院在研究开发的两种浮式生产储油装置(FPSO),即船型FPSO和半深圆筒形FPSO。特别是半深圆筒型,在一些关键技术方面已取得进展。
浮式生产储油轮
浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)是当今海洋石油开发的主流设施FPSO通常采用单点系泊系统,船首暴露在波浪作用下,定位于特定海域进行长达数年的长期作业,上浪的风
-self-propelled FPSO： 自航式浮式采油储油卸油油轮自航式浮式采油储油卸油油轮
石油英语词汇(S2) self-propelled drill vessel 自航式钻井装置self-propelled FPSO 自航式浮式采油储油卸油油轮self-propelled grader 自行式平土机
-FPSO - Floating Production Storage & Offloading： 浮式生产储油-浮式生产储和卸载
Toolpusher： 大斜度井测井系统；钻井队长；带班队长
blow-outn 爆裂；吹出；熄火
During the development phase, two successful field-trial jobs have been pumped in Alberta, Canada in a field known to suffer from SCVF brought on by a nuisance gas problem
在开发阶段,两个成功的工作已经打进的field-trial加拿大阿尔伯塔省在田地里已知患有SCVF气体而带来的令人讨厌的问题。
Since these jobs were pumped over 6 months ago, the wells have showed no sign of pressure build-up in the annulus or SCVF The wells are currently under an extended monitoring period, and by using the SHC system, the client has enhanced mitigation for risks from any future hydrocarbon (gas and/or oil) leaks
因为这些工作是泵在6个月前,这里的水井也没表示出压力积累在“灭灵之环”或SCVF。现在,在井监测周期延长,然后利用公司系统,客户已增强为风险缓解任何未来的碳氢化合物(气体)和/或油泄漏。
The application of the SHC system is not only restricted to use in Canada, indeed as the global problem of leaking wells is not going to disappear in the short term, the use of this new zonal isolation system could be applied to many different wellbore sections and configurations worldwide
公司在国内的应用系统不仅仅限于使用在加拿大,当全球的问题确实漏井是不会消失在短期内,利用这种新地带性隔振系统可以应用到许多不同的井筒断面和配置全球。
A collaborative approach throughout the development of the SHC system with oil and gas companies has been identified as essential to allow efficient introduction of the technology
在开发一种协作途径的公司在石油和天然气公司系统已被确认为必要的技术可以有效地介绍。
One of the main objectives has been to develop a sealant system to mitigate the risk of future degradation of cement sheath In order to achieve this objective the validation of the technology can be regarded as a long-term issue
其中一个主要的目标是发展一个密封的风险系统以减轻未来降解水泥护套。为了实现这一目标的验证技术可以被看作是一个长期的问题。
Acknowledgements We thank the management of Suncor Energy Inc and Schlumberger for their support and permission to publish this paper Special thanks go to the team at the Schlumberger reservoir fluid testing lab in Edmonton, Canada
“但我们感谢Suncor能源公司的管理和斯伦贝谢的支持,并刊登允许作了详尽的介绍。特别要感谢球队斯伦贝谢储集层流体试验室在埃德蒙顿,加拿大。
用加压天然气这种方式所提供的能源 或许是 （今天我们）从储油区不断开采出石油的最主要的驱动力。 而以前，最常见的做法却是 让气顶 喷射到大气中，然后才能在储油区的天然气区域中形成一个油井 来开采少得可怜的原油。从当年 到 现在，整个行业走过了很长的一条路。
-----大意就这样了，请自己加工润色吧。 大意就是说，今天开采石油的最主要动力，其实最主要是要用来做加压天然气来给大家提供能源，而以前无知的时候，竟然是把石油储藏中的天然气浪费掉，只开采利用那一点点原油而已。从那时到现在的进步，整个业界走了一条漫长的路。
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