高中句子成分.结构分析 句子的结构成分

句子成分

表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分（单词或词组等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语和同位语等，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，其他为次要成分。

知识点1：主语

主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme) ， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1．名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road

Little streams feed big rivers

2．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong

He told a joke but it fell flat

3．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough

Four minus three is one

4．名词化的形容词用作主语。 The old need help

5．不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem

It would be nice to see him again

6．动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you

Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work

7． 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money

The deceased died of old age

8 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far 到北京不很远。

From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback

从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。

9 从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine

Whether we go or not depends on your father

10 句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ” is a greeting“你好”是一句问候语。

知识点2：谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。

谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。

1．由简单的动词构成。

(1) What happened

(2) He worked hard all day today

(3) The plane took off at ten o’clock

2．由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1) I am reading

(2) What’s been keeping you all this time

(3) You can do it if you try hard

3．英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：

(1) I had a swim yesterday （had a swim 代替了swam ）

(2) Take a look at that! （take a look 代替了 look ）

(3) He gave a sigh （gave a sigh 代替了sighed ）

(4) I got a good shake-up（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的) ）

知识点3：表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1．The wedding was that Sunday （名词）

2．So that’s that （代词）

3．We are seven （数词）

4．Are you busy （形容词）

5．Are you there （电话用语）（副词）

Is anybody in （副词）

6．All I could do was to wait （不定式）

My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose（不定式）

7．Complimenting （赞美，祝贺） is lying（动名词）

Is that asking so much （动名词）

8．I was so much surprised at it （过分）

I’m very pleased with what he has done （过分）

9．She is in good health （介词短语）

The show is from seven till ten （介词短语）

10．Is that why you were angry （从句）

11．This is where I first met her （从句）

补充

能做系动词的实义动词：

come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)

fell ，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词）

seem, appear (似乎，好像)

例如：

1．Our dream has come true （Come 后常加 easy ,loose natural 等）

2 He fell sick

Keep fit

Keep 作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool ， well ， warm ，silent ，clean ，dry

3．The well ran dry （short , loose , wild , cold 等）

4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is

知识点4：宾语

宾语（object ）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。

如： Our team beat all the others

可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1．Do you like a drink （名词）

2．They won’t hurt us （代词）

3．If you add 5 to 5, you get 10 （数词）。

4．I shall do my possible （名词化形容词）

5．He left there last week （副词）

6．Does she really mean to leave home （不定式）

7．He never did the unexpected（名词化的分词）

8．Do you understand what I mean （从句）

扩展

宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。 直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, ping, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等；

间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place 我给他找到了一个职位。

知识点5：补语

补语（complement ）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。

补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）；

补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）

(1) 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed 我又累又困，就去睡了。

有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings

(2)可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等

1 They named the child Jimmy（名词用作并与补语）

2 My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister（名词短语作宾语补语）

3 He boiled the egg hard（形容词用作宾语补语）

3I found the book very interesting（形容词短语用作宾补）

4 The comrades wanted Dr Bethune to take cover（不定式用作宾语补语）

5I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul（动名作宾补）

6Don’t take his kindness for granted（介词短语作宾补）

知识点6：定语

定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。

1．形容词用作定语是大量的。

（1）She is a natural musician

（2）He must be the best violinist alive（后置定语）

2 名词用作定语。如

（1）A baby girl 女婴

（2）well water 井水

(3) Sports car 双座轻型汽车

（4）A fool’s paradise 梦幻的天堂

2．代词作定语。

（1）Your hair needs cutting（物主代词用作定语）

（2）Everybody’s business is nobody’s business （不定代词所有格作定语）

3．数词作定语

（1）There’s only one way to do it

（2）Do it now, you may not get a second chance

基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949

4 副词充当定语时常后置，如：

the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界

the way out 出路 a day off 休息日

5．不定式用作定语

（1）Her promise to write was forgotten

（2）That’s the way to do it

6．动名词用作定语

A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药

eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法

7．分词充当定语

a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者

a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花

7．介词短语用作定语。

（1）This is a map of China

（2）The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words

8．从句用作定语，即定语从句

The car that’s parked outside is mine

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one

知识点7：状语

状语（adverbial ）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如：

1．The girl is improving remarkably

2．可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。

He speaks the language badly but read it well

Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors

3．状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等

(1) 时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow

In China now leads the world

(2) 地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。

There are plenty of fish in the sea

She kissed her mother on the platform(月台)

(3) 原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。

Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job

I eat potatoes because I like them

(4) 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。

She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway

She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said

(5) 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处)

In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder

(6) 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

We’ll be lucky to get there before dark

If he were to come, what should we say to him

(7) 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

For all his money, he didn’t seem happy

He helped me although he didn’t know me

(8) 程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

The lecture is very interesting

To what extent would you trust them

(9) 伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten

He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth

检测题（一）：指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom

② There is an old man coming here

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year

④ To do today"s homework without the teacher"s help is very difficult

检测题（二）：选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don"t like the picture on the wall

A don"t B like C picture D wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes

A get B longer C days D summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus

A Do B usually C go D bus

④ There will be a meeting at the lipary this afternoon

A will be B meeting C the lipary D afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their peakfast

A Did B twins C have D peakfast

⑥ Tom didn"t do his homework yesterday

A Tom B didn"t C do D his homework

⑦ What I want to tell you is this

A want B to tell C you D is

⑧ We had better send for a doctor

A We B had C send D doctor

⑨ He is interested in music

A is B interested C in D music

⑩ Whom did you give my book to

A give B did C whom D book

检测题（三）： 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My pother hasn"t done his homework

A B C D

② People all over the world speak English

A B C D

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation

A B C D

④ How many new words did you learn last class

A B C D

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you

A B C D

⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill

A B C D

⑦ They made him monitor of the class

A B C D

⑧ Go across the pidge and you will find the museum on the left

A B C D

⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school

A B C D

⑩ They didn"t know who "Father Christmas" really is

A B C D

检测题（四）：挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired

A B C D

② Why is he worried about Jim

A B C D

③ The leaves have turned yellow

A B C D

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject

A B C D

⑤ She was the first to learn about it

A B C D

(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 （完成前2题，其余做课后作业）

① They use Mr Mrs with the family name

A B C D

② What is your given name

A B C D

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3

A B C D

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor

A B C D

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep

A B C D

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

A B C D

检测题（六）：挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room

A B C D

② He asked her to take the boy out of school

A B C D

③ She found it difficult to do the work

A B C D

④ They call me Lily sometimes

A B C D

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus

A B C D

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now

A B C D

检测题（七）：挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face

A B C D

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs

A B C D

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven

A B C D

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast

A B C D

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off

A B C D

⑥ She loves the lipary because she loves books

A B C D

⑦ I am afraid that if you"ve lost it, you must pay for it

A B C D

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine

A B C D

检测题（八）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story

② My father bought a new bike for me last week

③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term

④ Here is a penGive it to Tom

⑤ Did he leave any message for me

课后作业：

1 We always work hard at English

—— —— —— —— ——————

2 He said he didn"t come

——— ——— ——— ——————

3 They love each other

—— —— ——————

4 What did you bye

—— —— —— ——

5 She watched her daughter playing the piano

—— ———— —————— —————————

6 Your job today is to help the old

———— ——- —— ————————

7 Speaking doesn"t mean doing

———— —————— ——

8 Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left

———————————————— ————— ————

9The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage

—————— ——— —————— ——— —————————————

10 It takes me an hour to get there

—— ——— ————— ——————

检测题

1、often ,She ,five ,for, times ,homework , a ,does, week

2、sometimes ，TV ,watches，He

3、of, two, I ,cups, want, water

4、book, on, desk, The, is, the

5、a, country, is ,China, great

6、an, A, is, animal

7、is, very, The, beautiful, city

8、have, I, sisters, two

9、is, a, the, There, in, desk, classroom

10、morning, on, My, football, Saturday, plays, father

句子结构

英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：

S 十V 主谓结构

S 十V 十P 主系表结构

S 十V 十O 主谓宾结构

S 十V 十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构

S 十V 十O 十C 主谓宾补结构

说明：S ＝主语；V ＝谓语；P ＝表语；O ＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C ＝宾语补足语

知识点1．S 十V 句式

在此句式中，V 是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．) 。例如：

He runs quickly．

They listened carefully．

He suffered from cold and hunger．。

China belongs to the third world country．

The gas has given out．

My ink has run out．

知识点2．S 十V 十P 句式

在此句式中，V 是系动词(link v ．) ，常见的系动词有：look ，seem ，appear ，sound ，feel ，taste ，smell ，grow ，get ，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become ，turn 等。例如： He is older than he looks．

He seen interested in the book．

The story sounds interesting．

The desk feels hard．

The cake tastes nice．

The flowers smell sweet and nice．

You have grown taller than before．

He has suddenly fallen ill．

He stood quite still．

He becomes a teacher when he grew up．

He could never turn traitor to his country．

注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO 句式，例如：

He looked me up and down．

He reached his hand to feel the elephant．

They are tasting the fish．

They grow rice in their home town．

He"s got a chair to sit on．

Please turn the sentence into English．

知识点3．S 十V 十O 句式

在此句式中，V 是及物动词(vt．) ，因此有宾语。例如：

I saw a film yesterday．

Have you read the story

They found their home easily．

They built a house last year．

They"ve put up a factory in the village．

They have taken good care of the children．

You should look after your children well．

知识点4S 十V 十O1十O2句式

在此句式中，V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give ，ask ，ping ，offer ，send ，pay ，lend ，show ，tell ，buy ，get ；rob ，warn 等。例如：

He gave me a book/a book to me．

He pought me a pen/a pen to me．

He offered me his seat/his seat to me．

注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：

Mother bought me a book/a book for me

He got me a chair/a chair for me．

Please do me a favor/a favor for me．

He asked me a question/a question of me．

知识点5．S 十V 十O 十C 句式

在此句式中，V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。 They made the girl angry．

They found her happy that day．

I found him out．

I saw him in．

They saw a foot mark in the sand．

They named the boy Charlie．

I saw him come in and go out．

They felt the car moving fast．

I heard the glass poken just now．

He found the doctor of study closed to him．

专题过关 检测题：划分句子结构

1 They are working on the farm now 2Seeing is believing

3All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4She became a doctor in 1998 5The book lying on the floor are mine 6Suddenly it begins to rain

7To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8I always find her happy 9He wonders if I still study English

10The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine

指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分： depend on the weather

2 People’s standards of living 5I’ll return the book 8There are many film 11 I won’t stop you from doing it

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25

一．主语：主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 二．谓语 谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。 三．表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 四．宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。 五．补语 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subjectcomplement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（objectcomplement） 六．定语 定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 七．同谓语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同谓语（appositive）这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 八．状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。 英语的句子有6种基本结构。 1．主语＋系动词＋表语（AisB） 2．主语＋及物动词（谓语）＋宾语（AdoesB） 3．主语＋不及物动词（Aleaves） 4．主语＋及物动词＋双宾语（间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物）（AgivesBsomething） 5．主语＋及物动词＋复合宾语（即宾语＋宾语补足语）（AtellsBtodosomething） 6．There＋系动词＋主语（Thereisaman）

这是个主从复合句

I hope 是主句，从句是一个省略了连词

that 的主谓双宾结构的宾语从句。

(that) my son 主语

hasn't given 谓语

you 间接宾语

a lot of trouble 直接宾语

间接宾语：及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语

，指物的宾语称为直接宾语

，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。

宾语补足语：是用在宾语语之补被充宾语情况的成分。

在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有1个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。

比如说：I

heard

Jean

singing

this

morning

句子中的Jean显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是Jean，而是Jean

singing。singing

是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是Jean执行了singing的动作。

句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。

从句法结构的关系意义出发，对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法，即用各种方法标出基本成分（主语、谓语、宾语）和次要成分（状语、补语）。

句子有七个成分，分别为主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、同位语。 主语是一个句子的发生动作的主体，谓语一般是动词充当，宾语是表示动作发生的对象。

例如，“我吃饭”中，“我”是主语，“吃”是谓语，“饭”是宾语。

定语是一般是形容词充当 修饰主语和宾语，状语是表时间、地点、状态、方位等等的限制补充的成分，补语是补充说明宾语。

分析句子成分的好处：

任何一门语言都是由词构成句，句构成段，段构成篇。昨天和大家分享的：背单词不记词性，谈何正确使用，强调了背单词要背什么，达到什么标准才符合要求，今天要分享的是句子成分的划分。懂得句子成分的划分，对你的阅读、写作、翻译甚至是你说的话都有帮助。

　　英语是一门语言,作为一种交际工具, 句子 是其使用单位。下面是我带来的初中英语句子成分讲解，欢迎阅读!

　　初中英语句子成分讲解精选

　英语句子成分

　The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun 按句子成分划分，此句为： (主语) (定语) (谓语)(状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 按意群划分，此句为： 一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法

　(一)、主语

　主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”或者是一件“什么事”或者是一件“什么物体”，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。

　主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It that 句式等。 (名词作主语) 数词词组作主语) 代词作主语) (不定式 短语 作主语) (从句作主语)

　(It 是形式主语, to travel部分是真正的主语)

　请指出下列句中主语的中心词。

　1 The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom

　2 There is a bird flying in the sky

　3 The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year

　4 It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help

　(二)、谓语

　在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。 (系动词和表语一起作谓语) (行为动词作谓语) (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)

　(三)、宾语

　从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语 (介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。

　宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。 (代词作宾语) (不定式作宾语) (动名词短语作宾语)

　4 She said (从句做宾语)

　The sun gives us light and warmth (us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语)

　1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send,

　pass, tell 等。

　间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。

　2、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。

　接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。

　Give your mother the letter =Give to

　直接宾语 间接宾语

　接for的动词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。

　Can you find me my bag =Can you find for

　直接宾语 间接宾语

　这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。

　(四)、宾语补足语

　现在一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题我想分两点来说明。

　1、英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象(宾语)，还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如：

　We call him Little Tom (称呼的对象是him, 称呼的结果是Little Tom Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。)

　They made her happy (make 使 her怎么样了happy 作进一步的补充说明，那么happy是补语。)

　I find smoking bad for health (find 的对象是smoking, 结论是bad for health)

　这一类带宾语补足语的动词有：(1) (把…看成…) regard, see;(2) (把…当成…) treat, take;

　(3) (把…认为是…) consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ;(4) (把…描述为…) describe, use, show, organize, express 等。

　2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人(宾语)，还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：

　I saw a bird in a cage (看到小鸟在笼子里，“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。)

　We heard her singing a song (听到她在 唱歌 ，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。)

　这一类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。

　补充说明：

　I'm going to paint it pink

　句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。

　句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。

　比如：

　I find learning English difficult(difficult是形容词做宾补)

　I saw the kite up and down (up and down是副词做宾补)

　Tom made the girl cry (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)

　常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任

　命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express

　(五)、表语

　英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(变得), sound(听起来), look, seem(看起来), feel(感到)等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如：

　I am a teacher (系动词am + 表语 a teacher)

　They are on the playground now (系动词are + 表语 on the playground)

　It sounds interesting (sound为系动词，interesting为表语)

　(六)、定语

　定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物(即名词)特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句)。例如： 单个的词作定语)

　The office is 词组作定语) (从句作定语)

　英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。 in today’s newspaper

　(七)、状语

　上面说了，定语是说明名词特点、性质的，而状语则是说明动词如何如何的，例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生，等等。状语的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。

　一般来说，状语的位置比较灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。例如： We often help him (often 副词，位置在help 前面。)

　I really don't like the food (也可以说：I don't like the food really ) (注意状语really 的位置。)

　He did his homework carefully at home (carefully 副词;at home 是词组，位置都在did 后面。)

　When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher (when从句是时间状语，在句首;to be是目的状语。)

　利用口诀综述以上内容：主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。 间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。

初中英语句子成分讲解练习

　划分句子成分练习题(1)

　1They are working on the farm now

　2Seeing is believing

　3All of us like Kobe Bryant very much

　4She became a doctor in 1998

　5The book lying on the floor are mine

　6Suddenly it begins to rain

　7To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday

　8I always find her happy

　9He wonders If I still study English

　10The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend mine

　11We always work hard at English

　12He said he didn't come

　13They love each other

　14What did you bye

　15She watched her daughter playing the piano

　16your job today is to help the old

　17Speaking doesn't mean doing

　18Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left

　19The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage

　20It takes me an hour to get there

句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种

主语是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。

谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。

宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。

主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分，除少数句子（如祈使句和感叹句等）外，一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的，是一句话的主题，谓语用来说明主语的情况，为主语提供信息。例如：They are working主语是they(他们)，那麽他们在做什麽呢？看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下，英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致，也就是说主语在前，谓语紧跟其后。那麽，哪些词语可以做主语，谓语，何时主谓倒置，主语与谓语的一致情况如何，我将一一讲述。

一、哪些词可以充当主语

1,名词

例如： A mooncake is a delicious, round cake

The first truck is carrying a few baskets

The temperature will stay above zero

The doctor looked over Mrs Brown very carefully

China does not want to copy the USA’s example

2,代词

例如： It’s a young forest

I don’t know if it will grow

That’s a bit expensive

You’d better buy a new pair

I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes

3,数词

例如：One and two is three

One is not enough for me I want one more

One of them is English

Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck

Two will be enough

4,不定式 （常以 It’s adj to do sth 形式出现）

例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give

I found it difficult to get to sleep

It’s glad to see you again

It was difficult to see

But it’s good to swim in summer

5,IT 作主语，有如下情况：

1)指代刚刚提到的事物：What’s this It’s a bus (指代what)

2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人：Who’s knocking the door It’s me (指代 who)

Who’s the baby in the picture It’s my sister (指代 who)

3) 表示时间，天气，距离：

What’s the time It’s eight o’clock (时间)

What’s it going to be tomorrow It’s going to be rainy(天气)

How far is it It’s about one kilometre away (距离)

6 THERE 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。如：

There are many different kinds of mooncakes

There will be a strong wind

二、谓语

谓语有动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如：

I like walking(一般现在时主动语态)

I made your birthday cake last night (一般过去时主动语态)

It is used by travellers and business people all over the world (一般现在时被动语态)

复合谓语也可分为两种情况：

第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：

What does this word mean

I won’t do it again

I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao

You’d better catch a bus

第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如：

You look the same

We are all here

The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer

Keep quite and listen to me

He looked worried

We have to be up early in the moming

Is Bill in

School Is over Let’s go home

My pen is in my bag

I feel terrible

I fell tried all the time

He seemed rather tired last night

连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割；有关动词的种类这方面知识在课本中已有介绍，此处不多说了。

三、主语与谓语的一致

英语句子的主语和谓语的一致性，是英汉两种语言的区别之一。具体说来有如下特征：

1， 谓语动词在人称和数上应与主语保持一致。如：

Now the teacher comes into the classroom

本句属一般现在时，主语the teacher 为第三人称单数，因而谓语动词come 应加s

One morming she was working at her desk in the library wher a boy came in 本句属主从复合句，主句用过去进行时，从句为一般过去时；主句中主语she为第三人称单数，所以谓语为 was working

1) 主语含有 and 时，如表示一个单一的概念，谓语动词常用单数（特别是当and 连接的是两个不可数名词时），否则用复数。如：

One and three is four And 前后均为数字，表示同一个概念，谓语动词应用is

Tea and milk is my favourite drink 本题中tea and milk 指一种饮料，故谓语用is。

Tom and Li Lei are my best friends Tom 和 Li lei 是完全不同的两个人，有不同的特征，因而谓语是are。

2) 主语为动词不定式时，其谓语常用单数形式。如：

To give is better than to receive

It was difficult to see

It’s best to wear cool clothes

同样，动名词作主语，谓语动词也为单数。初中阶段只学了一句：

It (playing) is much better than having classes

3) 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词视为单数。如：

The best time to come to China is autumn

The weather in England never gets too hot

4) 在姓的复数前加the 表示一家人，谓语动词为复数。如：

What time do the Reads have breakfast 主语是the Reads, 表示里得一家人，谓语动词用do…have

5) 表示时间的复数名词作主语，常作整体看待，其谓语动词为单数形式。如：

Two months is quite a long time

6) “几加几等于几”的算式中，谓语动词常为单数。如：

Twenty and forty is sixty

主 谓

7) 某些表示学科的名词作主语，无论其结尾是什麽，谓语动词都视为单数。如：

Maths is my favourite subject

主 谓

8) each 以及由some,any,no,every 构成的复合代词作主语，谓语动词为单数。如：

There’s something wrong with my ears!

谓 主

Everyone is going into class

主 谓

9) what,who which 等词做主语，谓语动词形式视意思而定。如：

What is this(this 为单数，用is)

What are these (these 为复数，用are )

Which is your friend 哪一个人是你的朋友？

Which are your friends 哪些人是你的朋友？

10) None 作主语，其谓语可以是单数，也可以是复数，此项目并非初中阶段重点，故此不谈。

11) People,Chinese, Japanese 作主语，谓语动词为复数。如：

There are four people in my family

谓 主

The chinese people are very friendly

12) population 作主语，指“人口”时，谓语为单数；其前有表示数量的修饰语时，谓语为复数;课本第三册只要求掌握作“人口”讲时谓语的情况：

What’s the population of Germany

谓 主

What was the population of the world in 1950

谓 主

Half of the population of China are women

修饰语 主 谓

2, 由 either …or 或neither …nor 连接的两个并列成分作主语，其谓语动词形式与后一个主语保持一致。如：Either Lily or Lucy is going to come(Lily和Lucy 谁去都行。后一个主语Lucy 为第三人称单数，谓语用is going to come)

Either I or he does well in English 我和他的英语都不错。

Neither I nor she likes swimming 我和她都不喜欢游泳。

由these 和here 引出的含有不只一个主语的句子，其谓语动词形式由最靠近谓语的主语形式决定。如：

These is a pen, two rulers and three books on the desk

Here are some cups,a glass and some pears on

句子的成分:

构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语。它们可以由单词来担任,也可以由词组,以及句子来担任。

主语

主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子的主体。

I work here

我在这儿工作。

She is a new teacher

她是一个新教师。

主语可以由名词,代词,数词,动词不定式,动名词,名词化形容词,分词,从句,短语等来担任。

The book is on the desk

书在桌子上。

I get an idea

我有一个主意。

Two and two are four

二加二等于四。

When to be ginisnotknownyet

什么时间开始还不知道。

What I know is important

我所知道的很重要。

谓语谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。

We don't know him very well

我们不太了解他。

She speaks English fluently

她英语讲得很流利。

表语表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。

These desks are yellow

这些桌子是**的。

I am all right

我没事。

We are happy now

我们现在很幸福。

It's over

时间到了。

She is ten

她十岁了。

My work is teaching English,

我的工作是教英语。

The dictionary is in the bag

词典在书包里边。

My question is how you knew him

我的问题是你如何认识他的。

宾语

宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。

I saw a cat in the tree

我看见树上有一只猫。

I want to go shopping

我想去买东西。

He said he could be here

他说他会来的。

We think you are right

我们认为你是对的。

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加"to"。

My father bought me a book

我父亲给我买了一本书。

Give the rubber to me

把橡皮给我。

Please give the letter to XiaoLi

请把这封信给小李。

有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。

We all call him LaoWang

我们都叫他老王。

Please color it red

请给它涂上红颜色。

We found the little girl in the hill

我们在山上找到了小女孩。

定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。

That is a beautiful flower

那是一朵漂亮的花。

The TV set made in that factory is very good

那个工厂生产的电视机很好。

This is my book,not your book

这是我的书,不是你的书。

There are more than twenty trees in our

school

我们学校里有二十多棵树。

I have a lot of things to do

我有好多要做的事情。

Our country is a developing country

我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。

状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。

同位语: 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。