什么是古典音乐。。。。跪求古典音乐的详细资料。。。。。紧急。。。

什么是古典音乐

在万人瞩目的音乐厅，既能欣赏107人演奏的交响乐，又能倾听到极其通俗风趣的音乐讲授，上个世纪五、六十年代，许多美国和加拿大的青少年都在音乐大师伯恩斯坦的讲授中，获得了对音乐的认知能力。以下是伯恩斯坦讲授的一个章节——《什么是古典音乐》

用什么字眼来概括古典音乐？

用什么字眼来代替古典音乐的“古典”二字？我们无非是想通过这些更通俗的字眼来讲解什么是“古典音乐”。

然道只要是编排不像爵士乐，就是古典音乐？人们常说“我真爱好音乐”，意思是指，他们喜爱韩德尔的音乐(古典音乐)，而非史派克强，但也有好的爵士乐和好的流行歌曲，你不能用“好”来描述其差别，有好的韩德尔，也有好的史派克强。因此，这个字我们得作罢。

然后人们用“严肃”来形容古典音乐，但有些爵士乐也严肃，还有什么比非洲战士的战鼓(典型的爵士乐)更严肃的？因此，这个字眼也不行。

接着有些人用“有学问”来说明只有非常聪明、受过良好教育的人能懂古典音乐。显然是错的。因为许多热爱贝多芬的人并非爱因斯坦之流。

“艺术”音乐这个字眼呢？许多人用这个词来描述贝多芬与大里布鲁克间的差异，但也行不通，因为也有同样多的人认为爵士乐是艺术，而它的确是。若是我们试图用交响音乐，那就排除了为钢琴独奏、小提琴独奏或弦乐四重奏而写的音乐，它们当然都被视为古典音乐。

也许到目前为止，发明过最好的字是“长发”，因为那是爵士音乐家自己创出来的，以贬低任何不是属于他们的音乐。但我看过不少爵士乐字头上也有长发，因此我想这个字也行不通。

既然所有的字都不对，让我来找出对的字，方法是先弄清不同音乐间的差异，真正的差别在当作曲家写出所谓的“古典音乐”时，他会写下他要的确是音符，他希望唱出那些音符的确是乐器或声音，甚至详细到乐器或声音的数目，他还会写下他能想到的指示，以尽量详尽地告诉他们该知道的一切，应该多快或多慢，以协助表演者精确表演出他想出的那些音符。当然，世上没有足够的字眼能让表演者知道作曲家想写的一切，但那正是使表演者兴奋的事情。

表演者只是凡人，因此每一个揣摸出来的都略有不同：例如，《命运交响曲》开头的乐句，相信你们都知道旋律。唱给我听。第一个指挥赋予最后一个音符特别的深度，就是较长的那个，像这样“弱弱弱强”；另一个指挥同样努力想揣摩出贝多芬真正想要的，可能觉得那个音符中第一个定位特别强调，像这样“强弱弱弱”；还有位指挥，也许不像前面两位那样忠实，可能断定演奏这四个音符时应该更加强调，更庄严，像这样“强强强强”，我们都听过这些版本，但除了这些差别，而它是源于这三位指挥的不同个性，他们指挥的仍是相同音符、相同主旋律，用的是相同乐器，其目的也是一样，就是让乐谱上贝多芬的音符，以他们认为他希望的方式鲜活地表现出来；这意味着他们所谓的“古典音乐”，除了因为表演者个人的性格是不能改变的。这种音乐是永恒的，不能改变的，是精确的。

“精确”，也许正是我们该称呼的名词，我们称它为“精确音乐”，因为它只有一种表演方式，而且那种方式是作曲家亲自告诉我们的。

但我们若是以流行歌《我只能给你爱，我的宝贝》，表演它的方式无穷无尽，它可以让合唱团唱，或是让路易斯、阿姆斯特或玛丽亚卡拉丝唱，或是任何人唱，它可以省略歌词演奏，可以用爵士乐团、交响乐团或是玩具笛子演奏，慢或快，热情或感伤、大声或复杂，都无所谓，它可以只演奏一次，或是重复十五次，可以用任何调子甚至下面和弦改变都行，连曲调本身都能改变，可以即兴表演。(大师伯恩斯坦用几种演奏方式来表现同一首歌曲)这些方法没有一个是错的，对那些当时如此做的特殊表演者而言，每一种似乎都对，而且适合表演场所，这首歌没有非如此表演不可的规定，这表示它不是精确音乐，它不用完全照作曲家所写的方式表演，事实上，流行歌手绝不该每次都按照作曲家所写的方式表演。民谣也有相同的情况，而且更理直气壮。因为没有作曲家规定它该如何表演，至于爵士乐的变化更是如此，它是即兴的，边表演边创作音乐，而且几乎从不费事地将它写下来。

因此，现在我们至少有较适合古典音乐的字，就是“精确音乐”，虽然可能能想出比“精确”更好的字，来形容通常所谓的古典音乐，让我们不再用错误的“古典”二字。

古典音乐另有其义

这个词为何错误？的确有古典音乐这种东西，但是我们所说的确实是不同种类的东西，古典音乐指的是音乐史上非常持久的时间，叫做古典时期。在那个时代所写的音乐叫做古典音乐。现在让我们对古典时期所发生的事有点概念，它大约由1700年到1800年，持续了一个世纪，即你们都知道的十八世纪。

它是规则的完美的

让我尝试以前五十年为例，当时的美洲是怎样的呢？它仍在开拓中，到处都是新来的拓荒者，他们过着艰苦的生活。后来由平地建立一个新国家，在这同时，欧洲却非常不同，欧洲人已不再探索与钉木头，它在设法使它已经建立的事物完美，那时的欧洲是个规则与法规的时代，并让那些规则与法规尽可能精确，这就是古典主义的基础。将规则带至完善境界，它创造了古典建筑、古典戏剧与古典音乐。古典音乐是人们所追求之物的时代所写的音乐，人们极尽一切力量要有完美形式的音乐，像只漂亮的古希腊花瓶，两位音乐巨人的名字巴哈和韩德尔，尤其是巴哈，他将在他之前的作曲家曾经验过、玩过的所有规则集结，尽人类所能使些规则完美，以“遁走曲”这种形式为例，“遁走曲”规则有点像你买装配组时所附的指导说明，他们精确地告诉你，如何盖一栋房子，一辆火车或摩天轮。用他的这首《第四号布兰登堡协奏曲》为例，首先是用中提琴奏出主题，然后加入第二部分的小提琴，高四个音符，然后在第三段高五阶由另一只小提琴加入，接着在第四段由大提琴和低音提琴加入，最后，第五段长笛加入。这首曲子不只是五个分开的片断，它们全结合在一起。

也是快活机智有趣的

再谈后五十年，一切都变了，他们的音乐与巴哈的完全不同。那种改变是如何发生的？难道莫非是共和党人到芝加哥参加集会，然后投票改变音乐风格。不是，它是自然发生的，。海顿与莫扎特时代的人，认为巴哈严肃的“遁走曲”陈腐而无趣，他们要新的东西，不要那么复杂，但有漂亮曲调与简单伴奏的优雅精致、令人愉快的音乐，这正与那个时代吻合。那个时代宫廷里的女士先生们，穿戴有蕾丝袖口的丝衬与镶珠宝的扇子，因此，为他们产生过优雅音乐。

而它最重要的特色是曲调，曲调一定要好，现在听莫扎特的《C大调协奏曲》，没有人能写出与莫扎特一样的旋律。它和巴哈的“遁走曲”一样充满规则与法规，只是还有许多其它的规则——他们想要的简单的令人愉快的音乐，这种简单令人愉快新的音乐，另一个特点是它很有趣，而且快活、机智、朝气蓬勃。听《费加洛的婚礼序曲》，很有趣吧，好像坐云霄飞车充满欢笑与好心情，令你喘不过气来。其实古典音乐很好玩。

机智、幽默、有趣是海顿与莫扎特音乐中的重要部分，但它也有雍容、优雅、强度与其它许多东西，但最重要的是它有古典之美，建立平衡的形式就像巴哈对他的“遁走曲”一样严谨，它也在寻求完美，因此是古典的。

更是永恒的

那么情感放在音乐中的那一部分？人们总认为感觉与情感是音乐中的主要的东西，令你有所感，有哀伤，有痛苦，或胜利或性灵喜悦，但奥妙的是莫扎特、海顿是会让你有那些感觉的，伟大作曲家创作音乐时，都会让你感觉到深刻的情感，因为他伟大，因为他在音乐中有话要告诉你，因此伟大音乐家的音乐会永远持续，或许到永远。那种永恒的特质，或许是“古典”这个词最重要的意义，古典是永垂不朽的东西。

古典音乐时期的集大成者贝多芬，他总结了莫扎特、海顿的规则，加以发扬光大，他是古典时期的最后一人，浪漫时期的第一人。

以下是古典音乐的网站：

http://wwwguqunet/

http://musicxqwfcom/

http://wwwygrscomcn/ygyy/gdyy/

参考资料：

http://wwwguqunet/

德国as考试是德国学习能力考试。

TestAS是Test für Auslndishe Studierende的缩写，是在德国发展起来的针对非欧盟国家的外国学生的标准化学习能力考试，全球范围内一年举行两次。 扩展资料

　TestAS考试是用来审查学生是否拥有在德国留学所必备的认知能力，TestAS考试是由三部分组成的笔试：语言测试，核心测试和专业思维能力测试。该考试可以用德语或英语进行。

　TestAS考试的'申请步骤：

　（1）通过电脑端IE9以上的浏览器登录网站wwwapsorgcn在线注册，并注明考试地点。

　（2）通过邮箱收到申请确认（PDF文件，附考号）。

　（3）将打印好的神情确认、护照照片及审核材料邮寄到审核部，同时汇款2500元审核费至审核部账户。

　（4）确认参加的时间和地点。

　（5）在所选地点参加考试。

　（6）可以通过申请人的注册用户查询Test AS 考试结果。所交材料的审核结果会从审核部通过邮寄方式寄出。

　附注：

　a、注册时点击“一般国内申请人审核程序”即可。

　b、若遇特殊情况，如材料无法按时寄到，及时与审核部联系，是有可能有所通融的。

　c、若提前近三个月左右申请（如对于十月十日的考试就是在7月15日前），已经在线注册，审核材料和审核费都已经到达了审核部，可以按照特殊情况处理选择参加面试而非Test AS考试。7月15 号之后注册的同学，只能参加TestAS考试。

　d、尽量不要在报名日期截止前才注册，提前注册的同学可以在报名后15天内再次更改个人信息，否则只能更改邮寄地址和信箱。

I saw AI on the first night it ran here and I must say I was disappointed in the size of the audience How strange to see so few people show up for a Spielberg film This film did not enjoy the normal hype that most of Spielberg's films enjoy, I think I know why Lack of product placement They're may have been some somewhere but I didn't see them AI's story line and flawless visual effects reflect what I can only describe as the meeting of two great film makers Kubrick (who started work on the project after he read the Aldiss book in '83),and Steven Spielberg who's long list of intelligent blockbusters made him the perfect person to bring this story to the screen I could, I believe see the story boards and concepts Kubrick developed and I could also see the sensitivity that Spielberg added to scenes and characters These two things are not entirely separate in good Science Fiction All good science fiction has some human sensitivity in it otherwise it would just be a horror film The script reflects some of the darkness and coldness that sometimes underlies each character human and machine, there is no fear of this in the story This darkness draws us on in the story

The visual effects are stunning and come darn close to genius The story line takes us in and the visuals make it almost real

AI Is a good union of two great film makers, 1 July 2001

Author: John R Armstrong (Jafredderf@aolcom) from Chicago

I wish I had Mr Mannings grip of syntax, but all in all at the end of the day it's good science fiction and a good story too I beleve that Stanley Kubrick's choice of asking Steven Spielberg to make this film was the kind of genius that Kubrick showed in all his work It is a tribute to both men that they saw a vision of something and worked toward it's creation I think they came to a great place in film making

Future classic, 26 September 2001

Author: Chris Harrison (secombe82@aolcom) from Wiltshire, England

First of all, once again I think the critics have got it wrong Like Blade Runner and 2001, this is a film that will be properly judged in 10/20 years or maybe more Its way ahead of its time, the combination of Kubrick and Spielberg is unique, its unlikely we will ever see anything like this again

Did I like it The answer would have to be yes, the mix of styles will put many people off, but I found it to be unlike anything I have ever seen, and all the better for it The story is by no means original but everything else about the film is so different that this can be forgiven To get one thing straight, Kubrick decided Spielberg would be the better man for directing it, and I think this was a very wise decision, many of the ideas are pure Kubrick, but Spielberg has the neccassary attributes to direct such a film, and great credit has to go to Kubrick for handing it to him

Haley Joel Osment is amazing, the robot/human emotion must be amazingly difficult to pull off effectively, but Osment does it with such relative ease to the point where you do believe he is a robot, not that he is just acting as a robot Jude Law is excellent, and so to is Frances O'Conner

As for the ending, as brave as an idea it may of been to end on a downbeat note at "the first ending" I think the slightly upbeat ending is much more appropriate

All in all I would say AI is a wonderfully unique film that should be judged for what it is, a film Forget everything about the Spielberg/Kubrick "issue" and just sit back and take in a truely amazing film You may hate it, you may love it, but no matter what, it will effect your emotions in some way and you will discuss the film afterwards

This film will be truely judged in 20 years or so, when it can be assessed purely as a film, as with 'Blade Runner', '2001', and even 'The Thing', it will get better with age

AI--A Film With Heart And Brains, 6 July 2001

Author: virek213 from San Gabriel, Ca, USA

Steven Spielberg's latest movie AI: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, which he took up at the encouragement of the late, great Stanley Kubrick, has caused widely divergent comments And I can't help wondering if the most scathingly negative reviews of this movie aren't just an open desire to see Spielberg crash, as he had with "1941" and HOOK

For my money, Spielberg has done it again with this futuristic science fiction drama, regardless of what the negative reviews say Its story of a robot boy (Haley Joel Osment) who desires to be a real boy in a far future in which humans (Orgas) and machines (Mechas) exist side-by-side but not always in harmony is very much modeled on the Pinocchio story, though it is actually based on a 1969 short story by Brian Aldiss It raises some interesting and sometimes unsettling moral dilemmas that few films of late have done Can a parent love a child, even if that child is not real What might happen if that child desired to be real How will Man and Machine be able to co-exist

Like all intelligent science fiction, such as Kubrick's own 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY and Spielberg's own CLOSE ENCOUNTERS, AI forces us to ponder where we've been and where we might be going It's an incredible combination of Kubrick's icy intellectual and clinical mind and Spielberg's emotional heart; and I think it works exceedingly well But it forces the viewer to not leave their heart and brains at the door, which I think is why it is being so negatively received in this season of mindless summer movie fare It may be too intelligent for its own good, and many don't have the 145 minutes of patience needed for the movie I did, however; and I would call this an absolute masterpiece Out of ten stars, give this one a 10

A mind-blowing movie that will grow in stature, 6 March 2002

Author: Magnus (velkjent@hotmailcom)

Wow! That was all I could say when I walked out of the theatre after my first helping of AI I wasn't sure whether I loved the movie or was disappointed by it, I just knew it had had a huge effect on me Having seen it a further three times at the cinema, I still find fault with it, but I keep returning to it, thinking about it, discussing it, and it has left me with a feeling that, five months later, I've still not shaked In many regards, this movie reminds me of Fight Club, not in terms of theme or emotional content, but due to it's level of craft, the daring nature of it's execution and the fact that I keep re-evaluating it All the things that are possible to comment objectively on (if anything ever is) are handled expertly The performances are top-notch, especially Haley Joel Osment as David, the little robot child that longs to be human The effects are not only very impressive, but are integrated into the story rather than calling attention to themselves Januz Kaminski's photography is, as one has come to expect, impressive, and the movie is unusually unpredictable for such a big-budget experience

In my opinion, John Williams' score is among his most impressive I listened to it on CD for three weeks before seeing the movie, and thought it was fantastic, but once the movie started rolling I completely forgot about the music That says a lot about both the score and the film itself I also liked the three-act structure, in which the tone and feel of the movie changes drastically as the story progresses Part one, as one reviewer noted, feels like a cross between ET and The Shining, an odd, but very effective combination The second part of the movie is awash with Spielbergian imagery, but with the darkness and coldness of a Kubrick movie And the last part is a head-scratcher that has the intellectual resonance of most Kubrick-films, and the emotional tone of something like Cinema Paradiso I purposely refrain from saying that it is as emotional as Spielberg-films, because I think the director's complexities, the dark aspects of his style, and the occasional subtleties of his work are often overlooked by critics

It's difficult to discuss the themes of the movie without spoiling it, but while many people criticised the movie from having several false endings, I felt that each continuation added layers of though and complexities that the movie would have lacked had it ended sooner I have come to the conclusion, over the past months, that I do love the movie and that it is my favourite film of 2001, even ahead of The Fellowship of The Ring and Amelie In other words, buy it on DVD, it's more than worth it

==============================================================

All of the above from IMDB

以下是查询三泰虎网的原文及翻译。

1、Lookslikethesunistakingoveralotofrice-growingpaddocksAndhowdotheycleanallthedust，pollutionandbirdpoooffallthosemirrorssotheyworkefficiently译文：看来太阳光伏板清洁已经占用了很多稻田。但是要如何清洁太阳能板上的灰尘、污染和鸟粪，从而提高效率呢。

2、It'sagreatachievementiftheyarenotreliantonacoal-orgas-ornuclear-poweredgridtomaintainsupplywhenthesundoesnotshine如果能在不出太阳的时候不依赖煤炭、天然气或核能电网还能用光伏板清洁维持供电，那这个成就就真了不起了。

强直性脊柱炎是一种与遗传有密切关系的疾病。结合你有强直性脊柱炎阳性家族史，七八年来感觉腰抵部不适或疼痛，活动后好转，有时有低热，这些都是强直性脊柱炎的可疑症状，建议及早做一下有关检查，除外此病可能。

强直性脊柱炎的诊断标准与依据，主要依靠临床表现与X线检查。该病的特点是腰椎前屈、侧弯和后伸等方向的活动均受限；胸部扩张活动受限；早期症状为间歇性腰背痛，进行性僵硬并逐渐向上发展。

X线检查，早期表现为骶髂关节模糊、关节外硬化，脊柱早期可见骨质疏松，关节模糊、侵蚀、硬化、融合等异常改变。

强直性脊柱炎的诊断标准为：

1、临床表现：

1）腰或脊柱、腹股沟、臀部或下肢酸痛不适，病程至少持续3个月，疼痛随活动改善，但休息不减轻。非甾体抗炎药，如消炎痛、芬必得能迅速缓解症状。

2）腰椎在前屈、侧屈和后伸的3个方向运动均受限；或胸廓扩展范围受限，小于25厘米。

3）阳性家族史，或HLA-b27阳性。

2、X片证实有双侧或单侧骶髂关节炎。

一般按：有X片证实的双侧或单侧骶髂关节炎；并分别附加以下临床表现的1条或2条，即①腰椎在前屈、侧屈和后伸的3个方向运动均受限；②腰背痛史或现有症状；③胸廓扩展范围小于25厘米即可确诊。

其他如：血沉可增快，白细胞计数正常或升高，少数病人有轻度贫血，C反应蛋白升高，白蛋白减少，球蛋白增加，血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA和IgM增加，血清补体C3和C4增加等，但这些检查通常多不重要。

建议做以下检查：

1、脊柱与骶髂关节X线片，如早期X线检阴性时，可行放射线核素扫描，CT或核磁共振检查，以发现早期对称性骶髂关节病变。

2、测定 HLA－B27（人类白细胞抗原），HLA－B27阳性，有助于诊断。

3、血沉、抗O、C反应蛋白、类风湿因子等，有助于与其他疾病鉴别。

drive around

词意：

开车四处转

2兜风

短语

1drive sth around 驾驶某物到处跑

2Drive people around 顺路搭客

3Drive you around the corner 带你转过拐角

例句

I drive around a lot, looking for pictures 

我经常开车到处转悠，寻找拍摄对象。

articleyeeyanorg

As I drive around the base, especially out by the wire that protects me from what is outside, Ifind myself praying for my son’s safety even now before he is deployed 

当我驾车围绕着基地兜圈子，特别是跑出保护我们不受外来的侵害的电线时，我会发现自己正在为我儿子的安全而祈祷，即使现在他还没有进入部队的战斗部署之前 也是如此。

articleyeeyanorg

But really all I did was drive around these questions, surveying their girth, hill-climbing up themuntil I was stuck on a false summit 

而事实上，我所做的一切就是围绕着这些问题，测量其范围，然后向上攀爬，直到自己卡在某个虚假的顶点。

有点儿看不明白，能给个例子吗？

我只知道

“两个句子并列，第一个句子含有系动词be，第二个句子中的be应该省略，同时，一些重复的名词或形容词也应该省略，但是两个be的功能不同时不能省略。”

(可以省略

be

的情况）

Once

the

economic

and

social

usefulness

of

the

motor

car

was

demonstrated

and

its

superiority

to

the

horse

（was

略)

proved,

much

of

the

early

hostility

to

it

in

rural

regions

disappeared

（两个

be

功能和形态相同）

（不能省略

be

的情况）

1、You

are

a

teacher

and

I

am

a

student

尽管并为

be，但两者随人称变化呈现出不同的变化形式，所以不能省略/

2、Electricity

was

in

less

than

one

percent

of

homes,

where

lighting

was

still

provided

mainly

by

candles

or

gas

而前一个并列句的was是系动词,

后一个并列句中的

was

是被动态（

be

provided)

的助词,两个be

的功能不同，后者就不能省略。