谁帮我搞到关于咖啡的英文资料

咖啡的起源

咖啡树和咖啡食用的起源地公认在非洲，其具体地区说法不一，但多数人认为在东非的文明古国埃塞俄比亚。关于咖啡起源的时间则莫衷一是。

在咖啡的发现、起源和利用史上，有一个神奇的故事非常流行，我以为也较为符合实情。很久很久以前，埃塞俄比亚西南部咖法(Keffa)地区的牧羊少年卡尔迪(Kaldi)一次赶羊经过一片树林时，他的山羊群啃食路边大型灌木丛上的红果子。①卡尔迪无意中发现，山羊吃了红果子后异常兴奋，即使是老山羊也像小山羊一样奔跑跳跃。牧羊少年觉得奇怪，便也摘下一些果实品尝。结果自己也变得非常兴奋、精神，不由得手舞足蹈起来。咖啡(果可食用并能提神)就这样被人发现了。②人们把这种果子就叫成当地的地名“咖法”(keffa)，以后经过长期地传递和演变就成了今天的“咖啡”(coffee)。咖啡被发现后人们最初只是采摘野生的果子食用，③后来才慢慢开始人工栽培。在食用方式上，最初是连肉带核(即咖啡种子—咖啡豆)一起嚼食，后来进步为把咖啡果泡水或煮水喝。④在用途上，最初主要用于宗教界的宗教活动和医生治病及病人恢复。埃塞俄比亚—红海一带基督教、犹太教都有，后来还有伊斯兰教。各种宗教的教士、修士、教徒嚼了咖啡果或喝了咖啡水后，在彻夜进行的宗教法事活动时便很有精神不打瞌睡。病人们嚼了它或喝了它也能恢复一些精神。

咖啡的食用、采摘渐渐跨过非常狭窄的红海传入阿拉伯半岛。《中国大百科全书·农业卷·咖啡条》和《中国农业百科全书·农作物卷·咖啡条》说公元前6世纪阿拉伯人已开始栽种咀嚼食用咖啡，但它们没有例证和文献出处，不大可信。而且，从社会发展史角度审视，公元前6世纪阿拉伯半岛上的阿拉伯人(假如当时已有“阿拉伯人”的话)还处于原始社会的野蛮时代。如果那时他们已有了农耕种植，那也只可能种植椰枣、麦子、瓜菜等粮食、蔬菜、多用途作物，而不可能栽培药用类、嗜好类、消闲类作物咖啡。因为当时的生产力水平只允许他们种植那些作物，以保证自己少挨饿，生存下去。新版《美国百科全书·咖啡条》认为，公元后6世纪阿拉伯人开始栽种食用(咀嚼)咖啡。⑤有的学者还把栽培利用咖啡的时代地点精确到公元575年在也门开始栽种。⑥我认为公元后6世纪开始栽培咖啡相对较为可信。由此推断，埃塞俄比亚人发现利用咖啡当在此前好长一段时期，或者在此前两三个世纪，即约公元3世纪。公元9—10世纪的阿拉伯医学家拉吉斯(Rhazes，865—932)在文献中首次明确提到了咖啡，即记载下有人将干咖啡果研碎后用水煎服当药喝

First, coffee origin Coffee-tree and coffee edible origin recognition in Africa, itsconcrete local view not one, but the most people think in EastAfrica's ancient nation Ethiopia Time origins which about the coffeethen unable to agree In in the coffee discovery, the origin and the use history, somemysterious story is extremely popular, I thought also conforms to thetruth Before very long very long time, the Ethiopian north west 咖law (Keffa) the area tends sheep young Cull to enlighten (Kaldi) timeto catch up with when the sheep passes through woods, his mountainflock of sheep gnaws on the food roadside large-scale shrubbery thered fruit (1) Cull enlightens accidentally discovered that, after thegoat ate the red fruit exceptionally to be excited, even if were theold goat also likes the small goat equally to run jumps Tends sheepthe youth to think strangely, then also takes off some fruits totaste Result also change extremely excitedly, the spirit, cannot helpbut dances with joy The coffee (fruit might edible and can stimulate)on is discovered like this by the person (2) The people are calledthe locality the geographic name this kind of fruit "咖 the law"(keffa), later passes through for a long time the transmission and theevolution has become today "the coffee" (coffee) The coffee wasdiscovered the posterity only are at first pick the wild fruit edible,(3) afterwards only then slowly started artificially to cultivate Inthe edible way, is at first Lian Roudai the nucleus (namely coffeeseed - coffee bean) chews the food together, afterwards progressed forsoaks in water the coffee fruit or 煮水 drinks (4) In the use,mainly uses in at first religious circles' religious activities anddoctor treats an illness and the patient restores Area the Ethiopian- red sea Christianity, the Judaism all have, afterwards also had theIslamism After each kind of religious priest, the member of areligious order, the believer has chewed the coffee fruit or has drunkthe coffee water, in carries on all night when religious Buddhistceremony activity then very much has the spirit not to hit sleepilyThe patients have chewed it or drink it also to be able to restoresome spirits The coffee edible, picks gradually bridged over extremely narrow redsea to spread to the Arabian Peninsula "Chinese Big EncyclopediaAgriculture Volume Coffee Strip" and "Chinese Agriculture EncyclopediaCrops Volume Coffee Strip" said the BCE 6 centuries Arabs startedto plant chew the edible coffee, but they do not have the illustrationand the literature source, is not greatly credible Moreover,carefully examined from the social development history angle, BCEin 6 centuries Arabian Peninsula Arabs (at that time if had "Arab"speech) also is in primitive society the barbarism If at that timethey had the agriculture to plough the planter, that also onlypossibly plants 椰枣, grain, the vegetables, the multipurpose cropsand so on wheat, melon vegetable, but is impossible to cultivate kind,the hobby class for medicinal purposes, whiles away the time the kindof crops coffee Because then productive forces level only allowedthem to plant these crops, guaranteed oneself little starved, thesurvival got down New edition "American Encyclopedia Coffee Strip"believed that, AD the latter 6 centuries Arab starts to plant edible(chews) the coffee (5) Some scholars also precisely start thecultivation using the coffee time place until the AD 575 years inYemen to plant (6) I thought the AD latter 6 centuries startrelatively to cultivate the coffee to be credible From this theinference, the Ethiopian discovered using the coffee works as inbefore this good long section of times, or in before this 23centuries, namely approximately AD 3 centuries AD 9 - 10centuries Arabic medical scientists pull lucky Si (Rhazes, 865 - 932)explicitly mentioned for the first time in the literature the coffee,after namely under the record some people will do the coffee fruit togrind the water used to fry the clothing when the medicine will drink

三、咖啡在全世界的传播和咖啡馆文化

欧洲人和其他国家的人接触到咖啡饮料后，有的人便很快喜欢上了。商人和资产者更垂涎于咖啡带来的效益和利润。但是在地理大发现时代(15世纪末—17世纪末)，欧洲或其他任何帝国对奥斯曼土耳其还不具有军事优势(须知土耳其甚至在1529年和1683年两次大举围攻维也纳)。还无法采取军事暴力手段来获取咖啡苗(诸如击败土军，占领某地，抢走当地的咖啡树和咖啡果)。面对土耳其的严厉控制政策，既不能合法进口，又无力武装抢夺；于是人们只好设法去“偷”，从而演绎出咖啡外传的诸多有趣故事。1616年，荷兰人从也门摩卡港躲过土耳其严格检查，偷运出一株咖啡树苗。②他们驾船走葡萄牙人开辟的新航路经阿拉伯海、印度洋、大西洋、英吉利海峡绕道回国。但欧洲的气候水土不适合热带亚热带植物咖啡树的生长，荷兰人只好把它作为实验树栽培在暖房里。1656年荷兰人侵入锡兰(斯里兰卡)。1658年荷兰人就在锡兰岛上进行咖啡树苗的大田种植并获成功。③1603年荷兰人在印尼爪哇岛上建立起第一个商站一殖民据点，1619年荷兰人侵占雅加达，并把它改名为巴达维亚。1696年荷兰人从印度西南部沿海的马拉巴尔(Malabar)地区运进咖啡树苗和种子把它们栽种在印尼爪哇巴达维亚的种植园。经过一点波折后终获成功，并很快获益赢利。④

不过印度西南部的咖啡林却不是荷兰人或其他西欧人传去的，而是由当地的一位叫巴巴·布丹(Baba Budan)的人于17世纪30年代传入的。作为一个虔诚的穆斯林，巴巴·布丹去过伊教的圣城麦加朝圣。返回时他把七粒能发芽的咖啡豆(种子)紧贴在肚皮上，躲过了土耳其人的检查，成功地“偷”回了他在印度西南部的家乡。从此，咖啡开始在南亚生根栽培了。⑤

综上可知，东非埃塞俄比亚人民发现了咖啡，阿拉伯人民栽培了咖啡，中国人民促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众饮料，土耳其人民发明了咖啡最正宗最科学的饮用法，南亚人民也参与了传播咖啡。可见，咖啡能成为世界三大饮料之一，非、亚、欧洲人民都为之做出了贡献。不过，对咖啡最钟爱，把咖啡馆(文化)发展得最繁荣，把咖啡传播得最远的是欧洲人民。

1615年威尼斯商人把进口的咖啡豆运回威尼斯开设咖啡馆经营。[3](P11)这大概是欧洲的第一家咖啡馆。不过，咖啡馆老板使用的是进口的土耳其咖啡而非在意大利种出来的咖啡。1650年，英国牛津出现英国的首家咖啡馆，1652年，伦敦出现咖啡馆。[4](n78-179)1643年，巴黎开设了首家咖啡馆，1650年，马赛也开设了咖啡馆……。[4](P161)1684年，维也纳出现首家咖啡馆。[4](P52)到17世纪末18世纪初，咖啡馆在欧洲特别是西欧各大中小城市已雨后春笋般出现，迅速普及。

从此欧洲(包括后来的北美)的社会生活和风俗习惯中多了喝咖啡这项内容，街头多了咖啡馆这道风景线。人们在咖啡馆里休闲，聊天，看简易的文艺表演，谈生意，议论国是，吃零食，谈情说爱，咖啡馆成了与中国茶馆媲美的一种西式休闲场所。一些文人、作家、艺术家在泡咖啡馆时构思了自己的作品；一些政客在咖啡馆里活动，一些罪犯在咖啡馆里策划犯罪，一些青楼女子也在咖啡馆里拉客……咖啡馆成了欧美人民的重要社交场所。

Third, coffee in world dissemination and cafe culture After the European and other national people contact the coffeedrink, some people then very quickly liked The merchant and theproperty drool the benefit and the profit which brings to the coffeeBut in the geography big discovery time (15 century's ends - 17century's ends), Europe or other any empires did not have the militarysuperiority to the Osman Turkey (notice Turkey even and in 1683 two ona large scale besieges Vienna in 1529) Also is unable to adopt themilitary violence method to gain the coffee seedling (such as todefeat 土军, seizes some place, snatches locality coffee-tree andcoffee fruit) Facing Turkey's severe control policy, both cannotlegitimately import, and incapably arms robs; Thereupon the peoplehave to try "to steal", thus deducts the coffee unauthorized biographymany interesting stories In 1616, the Dutch hid Turkey from theYemenese 摩卡port strictly to inspect, smuggle a coffee seedling(2) They harness the ship to walk the Portugese opening new routeafter the Arabic sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic, the English Channeldetour to return to homeland But Europe's climate water and soil doesnot suit the tropics subtropics plant coffee-tree the growth, theDutch has to take it the experimental tree cultivation in thegreenhouse In 1656 the Dutch invaded Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka) In 1658the Dutch on carried on the coffee seedling on the Sri Lankan islandthe big field planter and attains successfully (3) In 1603 the Dutchestablished the first business on the Indonesian Java island to standas soon as colonizes the foothold, in 1619 the Dutch invaded Jakarta,and changed name it as 巴达维亚 In 1696 the Dutch (Malabar) thearea transported the coffee seedling and the seed from Indian northwest coast Malabar plants them in the Indonesian Java 巴达维亚plantation The end attains successfully after twists and turns, andvery quickly obtains benefits the profit (4) But the Indian north west coffee forest actually is not the Dutch orother westerners passes on, but is calls anxiously the bhutan (BabaBudan) by local the person spreads to the 17th century 30's As areverent Muslim religion, anxiously the bhutan goes to holy city Meccawhich Iraq teaches to go on a pilgrimage Returns when he the coffeebean which can germinate seven grains (seed) tightly pastes on thebelly, has hidden Turk's inspection, the successful place "stole" hasreturned to him in the Indian north west hometown From this time on,the coffee started in the South Asia to take root to cultivate (5) In the synthesis may know, the East Africa Ethiopia people haddiscovered the coffee, the Arabic people cultivated the coffee, theChinese people promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from the godto drink transform into the populace drink, the Turkish peoplescientifically invent the coffee most orthodox school to drink theusage, the South Asia people also participated in the disseminationcoffee Obviously, the coffee can become world one of three big drink,non-, Asian, the European people have all made the contribution forit But, to the coffee most cherish, (culture) develops the cafeprosperously, disseminates far the coffee is the European people In 1615 the Venetian merchant shipped back the import coffee beanVenice to open the cafe management [ 3 ] (P11) this probably isEurope's first cafe But, cafe boss uses is the import Turkish coffeebut non- the coffee which plants in Italy comes out In 1650, theEnglish Oxford appeared English the first cafe, in 1652, Londonappeared the cafe [ 4 ] (n78-179) in 1643, Paris has opened the firstcafe, in 1650, Marseilles has also opened the cafe [ 4 ](P161) in 1684, Vienna appeared the first cafe [ 4 ] (P52) to 17century's ends the beginning of 18th century, the cafe in Europespecially was the Western Europe each major and medium small cityalready mushroom growth appearance, rapid popularization From this time on Europe (including afterwards North America) in thesocial life and the manners and customs were many has drunk coffeethis content, the street corner many cafes this scenery line Thepeople in the cafe the leisure, chat, looked the simple theatricalperformance, discusses business, discussed the country is, eats thebetween-meal snack, talks love, the cafe has become one kind ofwestern-style leisure place which compares favorably with with theChinese teahouse Some writers, the writer, the artist when soaked thecafe has formed in one's mind own work; Some politicians move in thecafe, some criminals plan the crime in the cafe, some brothel femalesalso draw in customers in the cafe The cafe has become theEuropean and American people's important public relations place

According to 16th century Arabic literature "Coffee Origin" records,in 13 centuries the leaf has a Muslim 阿訇 Austria Masurium you(Sheikh Omar) to convict, 摩卡(Mocha) exiles from Yemen to Ou SabaOn the way, he saw is eating on the roadside tree's red fruit to abird in merrily the calligraphy stroke, then also tried to pick some煮水 has drunk The small fruit has one kind of marvelous flavor,after drank has been sleepy wearily, eliminates immediately AustriaMasurium you thereupon drink the coffee fruit the usage instruction togive some big at the beginning of sickness the person After AustriaMasurium will send into exile the expiration to return in future摩卡then and drinks the coffee fruit the usage to disseminate (1)Austria Masurium you discovered the coffee the fable is extremelypopular in the Arabic area, I think this fable Yu Shizhuo severalpoints: First, Austria Masurium you are possibly the public figurewhich independent rediscovers the edible wild coffee He possiblydiscovered the different wild species as soon as to plant 培种Already verified, the coffee had the different wild species anddevelops in this foundation plants 培种, if 小果 - the Arabiccoffee (Coffea arabica), center the fruit - went against the basketgirl coffee (C canephora), big fruit - Liberia coffee (C 1iberica);[ 1 ] (P258-259) two, Austria Masurium you possibly are the Arabicarea most early attempt one of planter coffee public figures; Third,Austria Masurium you are promote the coffee edible and one ofcultivation public figures We knew, when Arabic area middle ages the agriculture quite is alsodeveloped, massively plants the multipurpose crops 椰枣 and othercrops The Arab in knows the coffee to be possible edible to drinkafter and has the marvelous effect not to carry on the manualcultivation then with difficulty to persuade by reasoning Therefore Iextrapolated, 6 since the probably centuries have been thenfragmentary in the Yemenese area, occasionally watch, the researchcultivation coffee, you the time namely develop from Austria Masuriumfrom the l3 century for the big field cultivate In 1454, Yemen'sMuslim dynasty officially proclaimed the command allows to drink withand plants the coffee (2) This indicated the coffee the planteredible before this had the quite long section of times, and hasachieved the certain scale From this time on, the coffee and drank inthe length and breadth Arabic area widely planter with

古代非洲埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡，中世纪阿拉伯人栽培了咖啡。中世纪晚期，中国人促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众休闲饮料，土耳其人发明了咖啡正宗科学的饮用法，印度人参与了传播咖啡。在地理大发现时代(15世纪末至17世纪末)，欧洲人把咖啡传遍全世界；此后又将咖啡馆文化发展得最繁荣。所以非、亚、欧人民都为咖啡发展为今日世界的三大饮料之一做出了贡献。晚清咖啡传入我国，民国在华已站稳脚跟。改革开放以来咖啡饮用开始在中国流行，并在逐步形成自己的咖啡文化。

Ancient times the African Ethiopians had discovered the coffee, themiddle ages Arab has cultivated the coffee The middle ages laterperiod, the Chinese promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from thegod to drink transforms into the populace leisure drink, the Turkinvents the coffee orthodox school science to drink the usage, theIndian participated in the dissemination coffee In the geography bigdiscovery time (15 century's ends to 17 century's ends), the Europeanspread over the coffee the world; Hereafter develops the cafe cultureprosperously Therefore non-, Asian, the European people all have madethe contribution for the coffee development for today world one ofthree big drink The late clear coffee spreads to our country,Republic of China stands firm in Hua Yi Since the reform and openpolicy the coffee has drunk with starts to be popular in China, andgradually is forming own coffee culture

bird 英[bɜ:d] 美[bɜ:rd]

n 鸟，禽; <俚>少女，姑娘，人，家伙，东西; <口>飞机，火箭，导弹;

vi 观察和辨认鸟; 捕鸟，打鸟;

[例句]They warned him that next time he'd find himself doing bird

他们警告他下次他可能就要进监狱了。

[其他] 第三人称单数：birds 复数：birds 现在分词：birding 过去式：birded过去分词：birded

波导L108手机能用联通4G卡。波导L108手机，网络模式：GSM,移动3G（TD-SCDMA）,移动4G（TD-LTE）。支持移动4G、3G、2G网络，和联通2G网络。联通4G卡可向下兼容联通3G、2G网络。所以，波导L108手机能用联通4G卡，但只能使用联通2G网络。

咖啡的起源

咖啡树和咖啡食用的起源地公认在非洲，其具体地区说法不一，但多数人认为在东非的文明古国埃塞俄比亚。关于咖啡起源的时间则莫衷一是。

在咖啡的发现、起源和利用史上，有一个神奇的故事非常流行，我以为也较为符合实情。很久很久以前，埃塞俄比亚西南部咖法(Keffa)地区的牧羊少年卡尔迪(Kaldi)一次赶羊经过一片树林时，他的山羊群啃食路边大型灌木丛上的红果子。①卡尔迪无意中发现，山羊吃了红果子后异常兴奋，即使是老山羊也像小山羊一样奔跑跳跃。牧羊少年觉得奇怪，便也摘下一些果实品尝。结果自己也变得非常兴奋、精神，不由得手舞足蹈起来。咖啡(果可食用并能提神)就这样被人发现了。②人们把这种果子就叫成当地的地名“咖法”(keffa)，以后经过长期地传递和演变就成了今天的“咖啡”(coffee)。咖啡被发现后人们最初只是采摘野生的果子食用，③后来才慢慢开始人工栽培。在食用方式上，最初是连肉带核(即咖啡种子—咖啡豆)一起嚼食，后来进步为把咖啡果泡水或煮水喝。④在用途上，最初主要用于宗教界的宗教活动和医生治病及病人恢复。埃塞俄比亚—红海一带基督教、犹太教都有，后来还有伊斯兰教。各种宗教的教士、修士、教徒嚼了咖啡果或喝了咖啡水后，在彻夜进行的宗教法事活动时便很有精神不打瞌睡。病人们嚼了它或喝了它也能恢复一些精神。

咖啡的食用、采摘渐渐跨过非常狭窄的红海传入阿拉伯半岛。《中国大百科全书·农业卷·咖啡条》和《中国农业百科全书·农作物卷·咖啡条》说公元前6世纪阿拉伯人已开始栽种咀嚼食用咖啡，但它们没有例证和文献出处，不大可信。而且，从社会发展史角度审视，公元前6世纪阿拉伯半岛上的阿拉伯人(假如当时已有“阿拉伯人”的话)还处于原始社会的野蛮时代。如果那时他们已有了农耕种植，那也只可能种植椰枣、麦子、瓜菜等粮食、蔬菜、多用途作物，而不可能栽培药用类、嗜好类、消闲类作物咖啡。因为当时的生产力水平只允许他们种植那些作物，以保证自己少挨饿，生存下去。新版《美国百科全书·咖啡条》认为，公元后6世纪阿拉伯人开始栽种食用(咀嚼)咖啡。⑤有的学者还把栽培利用咖啡的时代地点精确到公元575年在也门开始栽种。⑥我认为公元后6世纪开始栽培咖啡相对较为可信。由此推断，埃塞俄比亚人发现利用咖啡当在此前好长一段时期，或者在此前两三个世纪，即约公元3世纪。公元9—10世纪的阿拉伯医学家拉吉斯(Rhazes，865—932)在文献中首次明确提到了咖啡，即记载下有人将干咖啡果研碎后用水煎服当药喝

First, coffee origin Coffee-tree and coffee edible origin recognition in Africa, itsconcrete local view not one, but the most people think in EastAfrica's ancient nation Ethiopia Time origins which about the coffeethen unable to agree In in the coffee discovery, the origin and the use history, somemysterious story is extremely popular, I thought also conforms to thetruth Before very long very long time, the Ethiopian north west 咖law (Keffa) the area tends sheep young Cull to enlighten (Kaldi) timeto catch up with when the sheep passes through woods, his mountainflock of sheep gnaws on the food roadside large-scale shrubbery thered fruit (1) Cull enlightens accidentally discovered that, after thegoat ate the red fruit exceptionally to be excited, even if were theold goat also likes the small goat equally to run jumps Tends sheepthe youth to think strangely, then also takes off some fruits totaste Result also change extremely excitedly, the spirit, cannot helpbut dances with joy The coffee (fruit might edible and can stimulate)on is discovered like this by the person (2) The people are calledthe locality the geographic name this kind of fruit "咖 the law"(keffa), later passes through for a long time the transmission and theevolution has become today "the coffee" (coffee) The coffee wasdiscovered the posterity only are at first pick the wild fruit edible,(3) afterwards only then slowly started artificially to cultivate Inthe edible way, is at first Lian Roudai the nucleus (namely coffeeseed - coffee bean) chews the food together, afterwards progressed forsoaks in water the coffee fruit or 煮水 drinks (4) In the use,mainly uses in at first religious circles' religious activities anddoctor treats an illness and the patient restores Area the Ethiopian- red sea Christianity, the Judaism all have, afterwards also had theIslamism After each kind of religious priest, the member of areligious order, the believer has chewed the coffee fruit or has drunkthe coffee water, in carries on all night when religious Buddhistceremony activity then very much has the spirit not to hit sleepilyThe patients have chewed it or drink it also to be able to restoresome spirits The coffee edible, picks gradually bridged over extremely narrow redsea to spread to the Arabian Peninsula "Chinese Big EncyclopediaAgriculture Volume Coffee Strip" and "Chinese Agriculture EncyclopediaCrops Volume Coffee Strip" said the BCE 6 centuries Arabs startedto plant chew the edible coffee, but they do not have the illustrationand the literature source, is not greatly credible Moreover,carefully examined from the social development history angle, BCEin 6 centuries Arabian Peninsula Arabs (at that time if had "Arab"speech) also is in primitive society the barbarism If at that timethey had the agriculture to plough the planter, that also onlypossibly plants 椰枣, grain, the vegetables, the multipurpose cropsand so on wheat, melon vegetable, but is impossible to cultivate kind,the hobby class for medicinal purposes, whiles away the time the kindof crops coffee Because then productive forces level only allowedthem to plant these crops, guaranteed oneself little starved, thesurvival got down New edition "American Encyclopedia Coffee Strip"believed that, AD the latter 6 centuries Arab starts to plant edible(chews) the coffee (5) Some scholars also precisely start thecultivation using the coffee time place until the AD 575 years inYemen to plant (6) I thought the AD latter 6 centuries startrelatively to cultivate the coffee to be credible From this theinference, the Ethiopian discovered using the coffee works as inbefore this good long section of times, or in before this 23centuries, namely approximately AD 3 centuries AD 9 - 10centuries Arabic medical scientists pull lucky Si (Rhazes, 865 - 932)explicitly mentioned for the first time in the literature the coffee,after namely under the record some people will do the coffee fruit togrind the water used to fry the clothing when the medicine will drink

三、咖啡在全世界的传播和咖啡馆文化

欧洲人和其他国家的人接触到咖啡饮料后，有的人便很快喜欢上了。商人和资产者更垂涎于咖啡带来的效益和利润。但是在地理大发现时代(15世纪末—17世纪末)，欧洲或其他任何帝国对奥斯曼土耳其还不具有军事优势(须知土耳其甚至在1529年和1683年两次大举围攻维也纳)。还无法采取军事暴力手段来获取咖啡苗(诸如击败土军，占领某地，抢走当地的咖啡树和咖啡果)。面对土耳其的严厉控制政策，既不能合法进口，又无力武装抢夺；于是人们只好设法去“偷”，从而演绎出咖啡外传的诸多有趣故事。1616年，荷兰人从也门摩卡港躲过土耳其严格检查，偷运出一株咖啡树苗。②他们驾船走葡萄牙人开辟的新航路经阿拉伯海、印度洋、大西洋、英吉利海峡绕道回国。但欧洲的气候水土不适合热带亚热带植物咖啡树的生长，荷兰人只好把它作为实验树栽培在暖房里。1656年荷兰人侵入锡兰(斯里兰卡)。1658年荷兰人就在锡兰岛上进行咖啡树苗的大田种植并获成功。③1603年荷兰人在印尼爪哇岛上建立起第一个商站一殖民据点，1619年荷兰人侵占雅加达，并把它改名为巴达维亚。1696年荷兰人从印度西南部沿海的马拉巴尔(Malabar)地区运进咖啡树苗和种子把它们栽种在印尼爪哇巴达维亚的种植园。经过一点波折后终获成功，并很快获益赢利。④

不过印度西南部的咖啡林却不是荷兰人或其他西欧人传去的，而是由当地的一位叫巴巴·布丹(Baba Budan)的人于17世纪30年代传入的。作为一个虔诚的穆斯林，巴巴·布丹去过伊教的圣城麦加朝圣。返回时他把七粒能发芽的咖啡豆(种子)紧贴在肚皮上，躲过了土耳其人的检查，成功地“偷”回了他在印度西南部的家乡。从此，咖啡开始在南亚生根栽培了。⑤

综上可知，东非埃塞俄比亚人民发现了咖啡，阿拉伯人民栽培了咖啡，中国人民促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众饮料，土耳其人民发明了咖啡最正宗最科学的饮用法，南亚人民也参与了传播咖啡。可见，咖啡能成为世界三大饮料之一，非、亚、欧洲人民都为之做出了贡献。不过，对咖啡最钟爱，把咖啡馆(文化)发展得最繁荣，把咖啡传播得最远的是欧洲人民。

1615年威尼斯商人把进口的咖啡豆运回威尼斯开设咖啡馆经营。[3](P11)这大概是欧洲的第一家咖啡馆。不过，咖啡馆老板使用的是进口的土耳其咖啡而非在意大利种出来的咖啡。1650年，英国牛津出现英国的首家咖啡馆，1652年，伦敦出现咖啡馆。[4](n78-179)1643年，巴黎开设了首家咖啡馆，1650年，马赛也开设了咖啡馆……。[4](P161)1684年，维也纳出现首家咖啡馆。[4](P52)到17世纪末18世纪初，咖啡馆在欧洲特别是西欧各大中小城市已雨后春笋般出现，迅速普及。

从此欧洲(包括后来的北美)的社会生活和风俗习惯中多了喝咖啡这项内容，街头多了咖啡馆这道风景线。人们在咖啡馆里休闲，聊天，看简易的文艺表演，谈生意，议论国是，吃零食，谈情说爱，咖啡馆成了与中国茶馆媲美的一种西式休闲场所。一些文人、作家、艺术家在泡咖啡馆时构思了自己的作品；一些政客在咖啡馆里活动，一些罪犯在咖啡馆里策划犯罪，一些青楼女子也在咖啡馆里拉客……咖啡馆成了欧美人民的重要社交场所。

Third, coffee in world dissemination and cafe culture After the European and other national people contact the coffeedrink, some people then very quickly liked The merchant and theproperty drool the benefit and the profit which brings to the coffeeBut in the geography big discovery time (15 century's ends - 17century's ends), Europe or other any empires did not have the militarysuperiority to the Osman Turkey (notice Turkey even and in 1683 two ona large scale besieges Vienna in 1529) Also is unable to adopt themilitary violence method to gain the coffee seedling (such as todefeat 土军, seizes some place, snatches locality coffee-tree andcoffee fruit) Facing Turkey's severe control policy, both cannotlegitimately import, and incapably arms robs; Thereupon the peoplehave to try "to steal", thus deducts the coffee unauthorized biographymany interesting stories In 1616, the Dutch hid Turkey from theYemenese 摩卡port strictly to inspect, smuggle a coffee seedling(2) They harness the ship to walk the Portugese opening new routeafter the Arabic sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic, the English Channeldetour to return to homeland But Europe's climate water and soil doesnot suit the tropics subtropics plant coffee-tree the growth, theDutch has to take it the experimental tree cultivation in thegreenhouse In 1656 the Dutch invaded Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka) In 1658the Dutch on carried on the coffee seedling on the Sri Lankan islandthe big field planter and attains successfully (3) In 1603 the Dutchestablished the first business on the Indonesian Java island to standas soon as colonizes the foothold, in 1619 the Dutch invaded Jakarta,and changed name it as 巴达维亚 In 1696 the Dutch (Malabar) thearea transported the coffee seedling and the seed from Indian northwest coast Malabar plants them in the Indonesian Java 巴达维亚plantation The end attains successfully after twists and turns, andvery quickly obtains benefits the profit (4) But the Indian north west coffee forest actually is not the Dutch orother westerners passes on, but is calls anxiously the bhutan (BabaBudan) by local the person spreads to the 17th century 30's As areverent Muslim religion, anxiously the bhutan goes to holy city Meccawhich Iraq teaches to go on a pilgrimage Returns when he the coffeebean which can germinate seven grains (seed) tightly pastes on thebelly, has hidden Turk's inspection, the successful place "stole" hasreturned to him in the Indian north west hometown From this time on,the coffee started in the South Asia to take root to cultivate (5) In the synthesis may know, the East Africa Ethiopia people haddiscovered the coffee, the Arabic people cultivated the coffee, theChinese people promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from the godto drink transform into the populace drink, the Turkish peoplescientifically invent the coffee most orthodox school to drink theusage, the South Asia people also participated in the disseminationcoffee Obviously, the coffee can become world one of three big drink,non-, Asian, the European people have all made the contribution forit But, to the coffee most cherish, (culture) develops the cafeprosperously, disseminates far the coffee is the European people In 1615 the Venetian merchant shipped back the import coffee beanVenice to open the cafe management [ 3 ] (P11) this probably isEurope's first cafe But, cafe boss uses is the import Turkish coffeebut non- the coffee which plants in Italy comes out In 1650, theEnglish Oxford appeared English the first cafe, in 1652, Londonappeared the cafe [ 4 ] (n78-179) in 1643, Paris has opened the firstcafe, in 1650, Marseilles has also opened the cafe [ 4 ](P161) in 1684, Vienna appeared the first cafe [ 4 ] (P52) to 17century's ends the beginning of 18th century, the cafe in Europespecially was the Western Europe each major and medium small cityalready mushroom growth appearance, rapid popularization From this time on Europe (including afterwards North America) in thesocial life and the manners and customs were many has drunk coffeethis content, the street corner many cafes this scenery line Thepeople in the cafe the leisure, chat, looked the simple theatricalperformance, discusses business, discussed the country is, eats thebetween-meal snack, talks love, the cafe has become one kind ofwestern-style leisure place which compares favorably with with theChinese teahouse Some writers, the writer, the artist when soaked thecafe has formed in one's mind own work; Some politicians move in thecafe, some criminals plan the crime in the cafe, some brothel femalesalso draw in customers in the cafe The cafe has become theEuropean and American people's important public relations place

According to 16th century Arabic literature "Coffee Origin" records,in 13 centuries the leaf has a Muslim 阿訇 Austria Masurium you(Sheikh Omar) to convict, 摩卡(Mocha) exiles from Yemen to Ou SabaOn the way, he saw is eating on the roadside tree's red fruit to abird in merrily the calligraphy stroke, then also tried to pick some煮水 has drunk The small fruit has one kind of marvelous flavor,after drank has been sleepy wearily, eliminates immediately AustriaMasurium you thereupon drink the coffee fruit the usage instruction togive some big at the beginning of sickness the person After AustriaMasurium will send into exile the expiration to return in future摩卡then and drinks the coffee fruit the usage to disseminate (1)Austria Masurium you discovered the coffee the fable is extremelypopular in the Arabic area, I think this fable Yu Shizhuo severalpoints: First, Austria Masurium you are possibly the public figurewhich independent rediscovers the edible wild coffee He possiblydiscovered the different wild species as soon as to plant 培种Already verified, the coffee had the different wild species anddevelops in this foundation plants 培种, if 小果 - the Arabiccoffee (Coffea arabica), center the fruit - went against the basketgirl coffee (C canephora), big fruit - Liberia coffee (C 1iberica);[ 1 ] (P258-259) two, Austria Masurium you possibly are the Arabicarea most early attempt one of planter coffee public figures; Third,Austria Masurium you are promote the coffee edible and one ofcultivation public figures We knew, when Arabic area middle ages the agriculture quite is alsodeveloped, massively plants the multipurpose crops 椰枣 and othercrops The Arab in knows the coffee to be possible edible to drinkafter and has the marvelous effect not to carry on the manualcultivation then with difficulty to persuade by reasoning Therefore Iextrapolated, 6 since the probably centuries have been thenfragmentary in the Yemenese area, occasionally watch, the researchcultivation coffee, you the time namely develop from Austria Masuriumfrom the l3 century for the big field cultivate In 1454, Yemen'sMuslim dynasty officially proclaimed the command allows to drink withand plants the coffee (2) This indicated the coffee the planteredible before this had the quite long section of times, and hasachieved the certain scale From this time on, the coffee and drank inthe length and breadth Arabic area widely planter with

古代非洲埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡，中世纪阿拉伯人栽培了咖啡。中世纪晚期，中国人促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众休闲饮料，土耳其人发明了咖啡正宗科学的饮用法，印度人参与了传播咖啡。在地理大发现时代(15世纪末至17世纪末)，欧洲人把咖啡传遍全世界；此后又将咖啡馆文化发展得最繁荣。所以非、亚、欧人民都为咖啡发展为今日世界的三大饮料之一做出了贡献。晚清咖啡传入我国，民国在华已站稳脚跟。改革开放以来咖啡饮用开始在中国流行，并在逐步形成自己的咖啡文化。

Ancient times the African Ethiopians had discovered the coffee, themiddle ages Arab has cultivated the coffee The middle ages laterperiod, the Chinese promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from thegod to drink transforms into the populace leisure drink, the Turkinvents the coffee orthodox school science to drink the usage, theIndian participated in the dissemination coffee In the geography bigdiscovery time (15 century's ends to 17 century's ends), the Europeanspread over the coffee the world; Hereafter develops the cafe cultureprosperously Therefore non-, Asian, the European people all have madethe contribution for the coffee development for today world one ofthree big drink The late clear coffee spreads to our country,Republic of China stands firm in Hua Yi Since the reform and openpolicy the coffee has drunk with starts to be popular in China, andgradually is forming own coffee culture

Unit1

pal好朋友

pen pal 笔友

Canada 加拿大

France 法国

Japan 日本

the United States 美国

Australia 澳洲;澳大利亚

Singapore 新加坡

the United Kingdom 英国

country 国家

Sydney 悉尼

New york 纽约

Paris 巴黎

Toronto 多伦多

Tokyo 东京

live 居住

language 语言

Japanese 日语;日本人

would 世界

French 法国人;法语

like 爱好

dislike 讨厌;不喜欢

Unit2

post 邮件;邮递

office 办公室;事务所

post office 邮局

library 图书馆

restaurant 餐馆;饭店

bank 银行

supermarket 超级市场

St=street 街;街道

pay 付钱;支付

pay phone 投币式公用电话

park 公园

ave=avenue 大街;林荫道

center 中央;中心

bridge 桥

mail 邮件;邮政

there 在那里

mear 在---近旁

across 横过;在对面

across from 在---对面

next 紧靠---的旁边;贴近

next to紧靠---的旁边;贴近;最接近

between 介于---之间

front 前面;前边

in front of 在---前面

behind 在---之后

neighborhood 附近;邻近

just 直接地;就;只;仅仅

straight 一直;直接

turn 转弯;转变方向

left 向左;左边

down 向下;下去;沿着

right 向右;右边

on the right 在右边

open 开着的;营业中的

market 市场;市集

clean 清洁的;干净的

quiet 宁静的

dirty 肮脏的

house 房子;住宅

welcome 欢迎

garden 菜园;花园

district 区域;地方

enjoy 享受---的乐趣;欣赏

walk 散步;步行

take a walk 散步

through 穿过;通

beginning 过开

tour 旅行;游历

visit 参观;游览

place 地方;地点

fun 愉快;开心

have fun玩得开心

if 如果

hungry 饥饿的

arrive 到达;抵达

way 路;路线;路途

take 乘;坐;搭

taxi 出租车;的士;计程车

airport 私人飞机;小型民用机场

pass 通过

hope 希望;盼望;期待

yours用在信末署名前,做客套语

Unit3

koala (澳洲)树袋熊

tiger 老虎;虎

elephant 大象

dolphin海豚

panda 熊猫

lion 狮子

penguin 企鹅

girraffe 长颈鹿

zoo 动物园

cute 可爱的;聪明的

map 地图;图

smart 聪明的;漂亮的

animal 动物

box 方格;方框

kind of 有几分

south 南;南方;在南方的;南部

Africa 非洲

bingo 宾戈

ugly 丑陋的;难看的

clever 聪明的;机灵的

friendly 友好的

beautiful 美丽的;美好的

shy 害羞的;怕羞的

other 其他的;另外的

grass草

sleep 睡;睡觉

during 在---期间

at night 在晚上;在夜里

leaf 叶;树叶

lazy 懒惰的;懒散的

meat 肉;肉类

relax 放松;休息

Unit4

shop 商店;店铺

assistant助手;助理

shop assistant 店员

doctor 医生

reporter 记者;通讯员

policeman 男警察

waiter 侍者;服务员

bank clerk 银行职员

hospital 医院

now 现在;此时

star 担任主角;主演

policewoman 女警官;女警察

nurse 护士

money钱;金钱;货币

give 给;授予

get 获得;得到;购买;拿来

wear 穿;戴

uniform 制服

sometimes 不时;有时

in 在---期间;在(一段时间)之内

dangerous 危险的

thief 小偷;贼

late 晚;晚于通常时间

out 在外;向外

talk 谈话;谈论

station 车站;政府机关的署;局

TV station 电视台

police 警方;警察

police station 警察局

newspaper 报纸

hard 辛苦地;努力地

as作为

at按照;根据

summer 夏季;夏天

story 故事;事迹;小说

magazine 杂志;期刊

young 年轻的,年纪小的

play 戏剧;剧本

news 新闻;消息

children 孩子(复数)

international国际的

teach 教;讲授

skill 技能;技巧

sir 先生;阁下

madam女士;夫人

Unit5

clean 打扫;清除

read 读;阅读

on 通过;以---的方式

apartment 公寓;住宅

TV show 电视节目

sure 当然;的确

wait 等待;等候

wait for 等候;等待

toy 玩具

west 西;西方;西方的

activity 活动

shop 买东西;购物

mall 购物商场;商业街

pool 水池;水塘

camera 照像机

bird 鸟

Unit6

rain 下雨

windy 有风的;多风的

cloudy 多云的;阴天的

sunny 阳光充足的

snow 下雪

weather 天气;气候

Moscow 莫斯科

Boston 波士顿

cook 烹调;煮

study 学习

bad 坏的;劣质的

terrible 很糟的;极坏的;可怕的

pretty 相当;很;颇

hot 热的

cold 寒冷的

cool 凉爽的

warm 温暖的;暧和的

humid 潮湿的;湿润的

wacation 假期;休假

on vacation 在度假中

take a photo 拍照

lie 平卧;躺

beach 海滩

look at 看;朝---看

group 团体;组

cool 令人满意的;绝妙的

surprised 感到惊讶的

heat 热;热度

relaxed 放松的;得到休息的

winter 冬季

scarf 围

everyone 每个人

have a good time 玩得高兴;过得快乐

man 男人;人;人类

Review of units 1-6

describe描述;形容

look for 寻找;寻求

talk about 谈论;讨论;议论

direction 方向

unit 单元

most 最

following 下列的;下述的

in order to 为了

improve 改进;改善

Unit7

hair 头发;毛发

curly卷曲的;卷毛的

straight 直的;笔直的

tall 高的

medium中等的

height 高度

thin 瘦的

heavy 重的

build 体格;体形

like 像;如同

always 总是;始终

captain 队长;首领

team 队;组

popular 受欢迎的;通俗的;流行的

blonde 金**的

good-looking 漂亮的

bit 一点儿;少许

a little bit 一点儿;少许

joke 笑话;玩笑

never 决不;从不

stop 停止;终止

brown 棕色的;褐色的

person 人;人物

beard 胡须

glasses 眼镜

look 外表;外貌

remember 牢记;记住

pop singer 流行音乐

singer 歌唱家;歌手

not…any more 不再……

say 讲

nobody 没有人;没人

Unit8

would will的过去式，表示意愿

I’d = I would

noodles面条

beef 牛肉

mutton 羊肉

cabbage 洋白菜;卷心菜

potato 土豆;马铃薯

special 特色菜

drink 饮料

large 大的;宽广的

size 大小;尺寸

bowl 碗;一碗的容量

he’d= he would

juice 果汁;果汁饮料

dumpling 饺子

porridge粥;糊

tea 茶;茶叶

green tea 绿茶

rice 米;稻;米饭

soup 汤;羹

onion 洋葱

fish 鱼;鱼肉

Tel 电话

RMB 人民币

Mon 星期一

Tues 星期二

Wed 星期三

Thurs星期四

Fri 星期五

reason 原因;理由

menu菜单

Unit9

was is的过去式

did do的过去式

went go的过去式

visit 拜访;访问

test 考试;测验

What about…------怎么样

stay 停留;留下

at home 在家

have 做;进行;从事

do some reading 读;阅读

practice 练习;实践

regular 正常的;规则的;有规律的

irregular不规则的;无规律的

present 现在时态的;现在的;目前的

past过去时态的;以前的;过去的

mountain 山;山脉

geography 地理学

spend 度过;过

week 星期;周

yesterday 昨天

No= number 编号;号

middle 中等的

middle school 中学

most 大多数的;大部分的;几乎全部的

go shopping 购物

had have的过去式]

saw see的过去式

talk 访谈节目;谈话;交谈;演讲

talk show 访谈节目

wrote write的过去式

song 歌;歌曲

go for a walk 去散步

sat sit的过去式

down向下;在下面;下去;降下

cat 猫

It is time to …… --该是---的时候了

wasn’t= was not

no 没有的;极少的

anything 任何事;无论何事

suggestion 建议;意见

Unit10

New York City 纽约市

camp 野营;营地

summer camp 夏令营

museum 博物馆

guide 向导

central 中心的;位于中心的

didn’t= did not

exam 考试;检查

really 真的;是吗;真是的

rainy 下雨的;多雨的

were are的过去式

fantastic 极好的

unfriendly 不友善的;不友好的

awful 极坏的;极讨厌的

delicious 美味的

expensive 昂贵的;价高的

crowded 拥挤的

cheap 廉价的;便宜的

think of 思考;考虑

water 水

cry 流泪;哭泣

corner 角落;街角;墙角

make 使;促使;迫使

made make的过去式

feel 感到;觉得

walk 走;步行;散步

back 回原处;往回去

decide 决定;下决心

wall墙壁;围墙;城墙

the Great Wall 万里长城

palace 宫殿

the Palace Museum 故宫

square 广场

Tian’an Men Square 天安门广场

Hutung 胡同

make 做;制作

classmate 同班同学

discuss 讨论;议论

report 报告;汇报

sex 性别

Unit11

soap 肥皂

soap opera 肥皂剧

sitcom 情景喜剧

situation情景;形势

nothing 没什么;一个都没有

ha 哈

stand 忍受

mind 介意

king 君主;国王

How about 怎么样

fact 事实;真实事情

in fact 实际上;其实;确切地说

culture 文化

host 主持人

agree 同意;赞成

agree with 赞同;持相同意见’

sunglasses太阳镜

belt 皮带

wallet 钱包

key ring 钥匙链

by 由;被

fashion 时尚;潮流

said say的过去式

article 文章

put 放;摆;装

idea 主意;想法

color色彩鲜艳的

Unit12

rule 规则

hallway 走廊;过道

classroom 教室

fight 打架;争吵

Ms 女士

outside 外面的;在外部的

dining 进餐;吃饭

hall大厅;礼堂

have to 不得不;必须

else 其他的;别的;另外的

sports shoes 运动鞋

gym 体育馆

Dr= doctor 医生(缩写)

by 到---之前;不迟于

wash 洗;洗涤

later 后来;以后

the Children’s Palace 少年宫

no talking 不许讲话

loudly 大声地

Review of units 7-12

aceessory 配件;饰品

snow 雪

order 预订;点

opinion 意见;看法

Additional materia

order 订单;订货

form表格

php xml读取、编辑、删除节点

代码如下：

$doc = new DOMDocument();

$doc->load('bird_basexml');

$root = $doc->getElementsByTagName('birdList');

$root = $root->item(0);

$bird = $root->getElementsByTagName('bird');

//遍历所有 bird 节点

foreach ($bird as $rootdata) {

//遍历每一个 bird 节点所有属性

$speciesID= $rootdata->getElementsByTagName('speciesID')->item(0)->nodeValue;

$localName= $rootdata->getElementsByTagName('localName')->item(0)->nodeValue;

$engName= $rootdata->getElementsByTagName('engName')->item(0)->nodeValue;

$latinName= $rootdata->getElementsByTagName('latinName')->item(0)->nodeValue;

$bird = $this->bird->get_bird_detail($speciesID);

if(!empty($bird))

{

//修改节点值

$rootdata->getElementsByTagName('localName')->item(0)->nodeValue = $bird['localName'];

$rootdata->getElementsByTagName('engName')->item(0)->nodeValue = $bird['engName'];

$rootdata->getElementsByTagName('latinName')->item(0)->nodeValue = $bird['latinName'];

}else

{

//删除节点

$rootdata->parentNode->removeChild($rootdata);

}

}

$doc->save('bird_basexml');

bird_basexml 示例

<xml version="10" encoding="UTF-8">

<birdList>

<bird>

<speciesID>1</speciesID>

<localName>雪鹑</localName>

<engName>Snow Partridge</engName>

<latinName>Lerwa lerwa</latinName>

</bird>

<bird>

<speciesID>2</speciesID>

<localName>藏雪鸡</localName>

<engName>Tibetan Snowcock</engName>

<latinName>Tetraogallus tibetanus</latinName>

</bird>

</birdList>更多相关知识，请访问PHP中文网！