英语的主谓宾区分方式如下:
1、Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语;例如:
Li Ming works very hard李明学习很努力。
2、Subject (主语) + LinkV(系动词) + Predicate(表语)
这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等其系动词一般可分为下列两类:
表示状态,这样的词有:be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等;表示变化,这类系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,go等。
3、Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。
4、Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语)
这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当,间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。
5、Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语)
这种句型中的“宾语 + 补语”统称为“复合宾语”宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充,说明宾语的特点、身份等,或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等;担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。
句子的宾语是谓语动词的接受者,也称作“受词”,即接受动作的词。能接宾语的动词称作“及物动词”。比如,在 to learn English 中,to learn 是动词,English 是宾语。可作宾语的有名词(包括动名词)、代词、数词或者名词性的词组,和动词不定式以及名词性从句。例:
名词作宾:I want to learn English
代词作宾:Johnteaches us
数词作宾语:You havetwo books I have three
不定式作宾:They like to watch TV
动名词作宾:I enjoy working with you
从句作宾:Could you tell me whathe said
状语是在句子中说明地点、时间、原因、目的、条件、程度、方式等状态性的成分。作状语的主要是副词,用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或者整个句子。除了副词,介词短语、分词和分词短语、名词、不定式等也可以用作状语。例:
副词作状语: He speaks English verywell
不定式作目的状:I came to learnChinese
介词短语作状语:The boy was praised for his bravery
从句作状语:She began to dance when she was 6years old,
分词作状语:Having done his homework, he left school for home (现在分词)
Located in Beijing, the Great Hall of People was the biggest building in China fifty yearsago (过去分词)
名词作状语:We must get together again some day
名词,代词,动词不定式,动名词都可以作宾语的。
to do和to be 同样存在于主谓宾结构的。
例如:
I want to play soccer
He likes listening to music
主语,谓语,宾语,定语,状语,表语 是句子成份
①主语:用于说明人或事物执行某一动作,表明“谁”或“什么”。常由名词、代词和数词来担任。如:
I love the book.The book is my friend.我喜欢这本书。这本书是我的朋友。(名词作主语)
②谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,表明“做什么”或“是什么”。常由实义动词或系动词加上表语部分来充当。如:
Mother is a teacher.妈妈是一名教师。(系表作谓语)
She likes music.她喜欢音乐。(动词作谓语)
③宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。如:
He learns English well.他英语学得好。(作动词宾语)
I'm interested in handwriting.我对书法很感兴趣。(作介词宾语)
④补语:说明宾语、主语“做什么”或“处于某种状态”。常由名词、形容词等词类来担任。如:
The teacher named me Lucy.老师叫我露茜。(名词作补语)
Very loud noises can make people ill.非常大的噪音会让人得病。(形容词作补语)
⑤表语:放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的成分,表明“什么”,“怎么样”。多由名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词和介词短语来担任。如:
She looks nice.她看上去很漂亮。(形容词作表语)
Ann is in the classroom.安在教室里。(介词短语作表语)
⑥定语:用于修饰和限制名词或代词的成分,表明“谁的”、“怎么样”等。多由名词、数词、形容词、代词和介词短语等来充当。如:
My friend is a middle school student.我的朋友是一名中学生。(名词作定语)
The man with black glasses liked sweet food.戴墨镜的那个人喜欢吃甜食。(介词短语作定语)
⑦状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分。常由副词、介词短语等来充当。如:
Bruce speaks English very well.布鲁斯英语说得很好。(副词作状语)
Dick lived in the country a few years ago.迪克几年前住在乡下。(介词短语作状语)
一、汉语中的主谓宾
1、主语
主语是谓语陈述的对象,指明说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。例如:
(1)中国人民志气高。
(2)提高整个中华民族的科学文化水平是亿万人民群众的切身事业。
2、谓语
谓语是陈述主语的,说明主语的,说明主语“是什么”或怎么样“。例如:
(1)满天乌云顿时消散了。
(2)树叶黄了。
(3)小王今年十六岁。
(4)鲁迅是中国现代文学的奠基人。
(5)明天星期日。
(6)什么书他都看。
3、宾语
宾语在动语后面,表示动作、行为涉及的人或事物,回答“谁”或“什么”一类问题。例如:
(1)什么叫信息?
(2)门口围着一群看热闹的。
(3)马克思认为知识是进行斗争和为无产阶级解放事业服务的手段。
二、主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主干,定语、状语、补语是句子的枝叶,一般来说,句子主干已经可以把意思表达清楚,而枝叶只是修饰一下,是意思表达得更精确、明了。
主干不一定完整的主语、谓语、宾语,也可能只有主语和谓语。所以所有完整的句子一般都是以这两种来表达:
1、什么干什么。
这是由主语、谓语、宾语组成的句子,由此可以看出,主语(什么)一般是名词或者代词,谓语(干)一般是动词,宾语(什么)一般是名词或者代词,主语和谓语的区别是:主语是动作的发出者,宾语是动作的对象或者承受者,这是所谓的动宾短语,这里的动词有点象英语的及物动词,后面要有对象,就是宾语。
2、什么怎么样。
这是由主语和谓语组成的句子,这里的谓语通常是不及物动词,没有动作对象,已经把主语的状态描述清楚了,所以句子也结束了。
句子成分
主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物
The sun rises in the east(名词) He likes dancing(代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history(数词) Seeing is believing(动名词)
To see is to believe(不定式) What he needs is a book(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征
We study EnglishHe is asleep
表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征
He is a teacher(名词) Seventy-four!You don’t look it(代词)
Five and five is ten(数词) He is asleep(形容词)
His father is in(副词) The picture is on the wall( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost(形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor,I can’t buy a ring(不定式)
The question is whether they will e(表语从句)
(常见的系动词有:be,sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来, ell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),
remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉)
It sounds a good ideaThe sound sounds strange
Her voice sounds sweetTom looks thin
The food ells deliciousThe food tastes good
The door remains openNow I feel tired
宾语:1)动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China(名词) He hates you(代词)
How many do you needWe need two(数词)
We should help the old and the poorI enjoy working with you(动名词)
I hope to see you again(不定式) Did you write down what he said(宾语从句)
2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snakeUnder the snow,there are many rocks
3) 双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterdayGive the poor man some money
宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语
We elected him monitor(名词) We all think it a pity that she didn’t e here(名)
We will make them happy(形容词) We found nobody in( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home介词短语) Don’t let him do that(省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson(带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning(现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired(过去分词)
主补:对主语的补充
He was elected monitorShe was found singing in the next room
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson
定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher(名词) He is our friend(代词)
We belong to the third world(数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister(介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2(现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now(过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well(不定式)
You should do everything that I do(定语从句)
状语:用来修饰v,adj,adv,or 句子表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步
(以下例句按上述顺序排列)
I will go there tomorrowThe meeting will be held in the meetingroom
The meat went bad because of the hot weatherHe studies hard to learn English well
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the examI like some of you very much
If you study hard,you will pass the examHe goes to school by bike
Though he is young,he can do it well
句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型
主语 + 不及物动词 She came./ My head aches
主语 + 及物动词 +宾语 She likes English
主语 + 系动词 +主语补语 She is happy.
主语 + 双宾动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语 She gave John a book.
She bought a book for me
主语 + 宾补动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry.
The teacher asked me to read the passage
( There +be There lies a book on the desk)
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