根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。
1主语:表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首。如:
It’s getting cold 天冷起来了。
Now everything is ready 现在一切都准备好了。
The teacher is very kind to us 老师对我们很好。
2 谓语:说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后。如:
Mother bought me a VCR 妈给我买了一台录像机。
We have finished our work already 我们已经完成了工作。
3 表语:表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如:
Be careful! 小心!
He looks very angry 他看上去很生气。
His job is looking after sheep 他的任务是看羊。
4 宾语:指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后。如:
He wrote many plays 他写了许多剧本。
She loves swimming 她喜欢游泳。
5 宾语补足语:用来对宾语进行补充和说明,一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。如:
He told us to stay 他叫我们留下。
I’ve never seen her dancing 我从未看见过她跳舞。
I found it difficult to refuse him 我感到很难拒绝他。
6 定语:对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明,一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当,位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在所修饰的词之后(详见形容词一章)。如:
It’s an interesting story 那是一个有趣的故事。
Do you have time to help us 你有时间帮助我们吗
Who is the woman being operated on 正在动手术的女人是谁
7 状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如:
We like English very much 我们非常喜欢英语。
Her uncle lives in Canada 她叔叔住在加拿大。
She was lying in bed reading 她躺在床上看书。
United we stand, divided we fall 团结则存,分裂则亡。
8 同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语。如:
This is my friend Harry 这是我的朋友哈利。
We students should study hard 我们学生应该努力学习。
9独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如:
He’s a nice person, to be sure 肯定他是一个好人。
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all 说也奇怪,考试他竟然通过了。
注:后两种初中不要求掌握
句子有这几大类 :
主谓
主谓宾
主谓宾宾补
主谓间接宾语直接宾语
主系表
这是基本的东西,先搞清楚后再搞其他高级的部分
第十五章 句子的结构
英语的句子,与汉语句子类似,按照语法结构也可分为三类,即简单句,并列句和复合句。那么有关这三种句型的详细信息,请看下面的讲解。
一、简单句
简单句只包含一个主谓结构,并且各个结构都是由单词或短语组成,不包含任何从句。简单句有五种基本句型。
1主语+谓语(不及物动词)
The new term begins
新学期开始了。
2主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
The girl is learning to play the piano
这个女孩在学弹钢琴。
3主语+连系动词+表语
Susan is a student
苏珊是个学生。
4主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
He bought her a watch
他给她买了一块表。
5 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补语
We all believed you honest
我们都认为你是诚实的。
二、并列句(简单句+连词+简单句)
并列句是由两个或多个简单句连接而成的。其中的各个简单句并列平行,同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,能够独立成句。它们之间要用连词连接。
并列句可分为四种:
1表示相同关系
用连词或逗号、分号连接构成并列句。常用连词有:and, notonlybut also, neithernor
Her father is a teacher and her mother is a doctor
她的父亲是老师,母亲是医生。
Susan not only runs fast, but also jumps high
苏姗不但跑得快,而且跳得高。
I could neither swim nor skate
我既不会游泳,也不会滑冰。
I wouldn't see this film , it's boring
我不想看这个**,它令人心烦。
2表示转折关系
常用连词有:but, still, yet,while, when等。
It was late at night, but he went on doing his homework
夜已深了,但是他还在继续做作业。
She was busy cooking while they were watching TV
她忙着做饭,而他们却在看电视。
The film is not perfect, still, it's good
这部影片虽然不是无可挑剔,但还是好的。
3表示选择关系
常用连词为:or, eitheror。
Would you have tea or coffee
你是喝茶还是咖啡
The teacher wanted to see either his father or mother
老师要见一下他的父亲或是母亲。
Either this road or that on e can lead you to that hospital
这条路或那条路都通往那家医院。
4表示因果关系
常用连词有for和so
She soon fell asleep, for she was too tired
她很快就睡着了,因为她太累了。
We hurried to the railway station, for there was little time for the train toleave
我们急忙赶往车站,因为火车很快就要开了。
It was raining harder and harder, so we had to stay at home
雨下得越来越大,所以我们只得呆在家里。
The teacher asked Susan to go, so she went
老师让苏姗到她那去,因此她就去了。
注意:1、 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time= If wehurry up, we’ll be there in time
2 because和so; although, though和but不能连用
(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别
引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor等,并列连词包括关联连词both…and, either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also, as well as, as much as等。并列连词也包括连接性副词,如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway,
consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等。但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别:
1 位置上的区别
连接两个独立的分句时,并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首,前面通常有逗号:
Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he won't be back till the end of the month
I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go
Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you (快还他钱,不然他要向你起诉。)They all went, but I didn't(go)
连接性副词的位置较灵活,既可放在句首,也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多:
Father is ill; therefore ,he doesn't go to work today
置于句首
Father is ill; he, therefore, doesn't go to work today
置于句首
Father is ill; he doesn't go work today, therefore
置于句末
2 用法的区别
两个并列连词不可以连用:
Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there (根据句意,应把but划掉。)
但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用:
He is not in favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection
三、复合句(主句+连词+从句)
包含一个主句,一个或一个以上的从句的句子叫复合句。从句从属于主句并充当主句的某一成分,如主语,表语,宾语,定语,状语等。
(一)、引导名词性从句的连接词
分类
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连词(5个):that(宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略)
whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)
as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever,whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever
连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however
不可省略的连词:
1 介词后的连词
2 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she waschosen made us very happy
We heard the newsthat our team had won
比较
whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,只可用whether:
1 whether引导主语从句并在句首
2 引导表语从句
3 whether从句作介词宾语
4 常与 "or not" 连用;if 则不可。
5 引导同位语从句
Whether he willcome is not clear
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
It is notimportant who will go
It is still unknown which teamwill win the match
1主语从句
主语从句就是从句作主语。它可作谓语动词的主语,也可作分词的主语。主语从句有三种:
(1)由that引导:
It is impolite( that you talked so loud inthe restaurant)---指代it的内容
你们在餐馆那么大声音说话是极不礼貌的。
It is a great surprise that she won the champion
她得了冠军,真是令人惊异。
(2)由what, whatever和whoever等代词引导:
What she said just now is correct
她刚才说的话很对。
What caused the air disaster is under the investigation
究竟是什么导致了这次空难,正在调查。
Whatever you have seen must be kept in your mind
不管你看到什么,都要记在心里。
Whoever breaks the world record will get one million yuan as an a ward
任何打破世界纪录的人将得到一百万元奖金。
(3)由连接副词whether, how, when,why, where引导:
When the sports meet will be held isn'tdecided
什么时候开运动会还没有定下来。
Whether she can pass the exam is not sure
她是否能够通过考试还没有把握。
How he arrived there is unknown to anybody
他是如何到达那里的,没有人知道。
Why the fire broke out here in the workshop remains a mystery
车间这里为什么会发生火灾仍是个谜。
注意:当主语从句过长而谓语较短时,通常用代词it作形式主语,而把从句放在句尾。
It remains a mystery that the air disaster took place that day
那天发生的空难仍然是个谜。
It is uncertain whether we'll attend the meeting or not
我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定。
2宾语从句
这类从句常是这种结构:主句+引导句+从句,从句中始终用陈述语序。
(1)由that引导(通常that可以省略)
She is very sure that she can work out the problem
她确信她能解出这道题。
She told me that she could finish it herself
她跟我说她可以自己完成这件工作。
(2)由what, who, which等关系代词引导
We don't understand what you said just now
我们不明白你刚才说的话。
Tell me which you want
告诉我你要哪一个
Do you know who is the man over there
你知道那边那个人是谁吗
(3)由how, when, why, where引导宾语从句
They wanted to know when the building would be set up
他们想要知道这座楼房何时建成。
Will you please tell me how I can get to the park
请告诉我怎么走才能到公园好吗
I wonder where she is now
我想知道她现在在哪儿
I don't know why you dislike physics
我不知道为什么你讨厌物理。
(4)一些形容词之后所接的句子也是宾语从句。这些形容词有:glad, sorry, sure , afraid,worried, angry, aware, confident等。
I'm glad that you've helped me a lot
很高兴你给我这么大的帮助。
We are confident that we can beat them
我们有信心打败他们。
The father was angry that his son failed to pass the maths exam
这位父亲对他的儿子数学不及格很恼火。
I'm not sure if she has finished the painting
我不清楚她是否完成了那幅作品。
注意:当宾语从句过长时,可用it作形式宾语而将从句放在句子后面。
She thought it pity that I had missed the chance
她认为我错过了那个机会非常可惜。
I found it very easy that I worked out the problem
我觉得很容易地就做出了这道难题。
The manager made it clear that your idea was impossible
经理已明白地指出你的想法不能实现。
3定语从句
以从句的形式修饰或限定主句中的名词、代词、短语等的句子,叫作定语从句。
定语从句通常用关系词(关系代词和关系副词)把它与主句连接起来。它在句中所修饰和限定的词或短语称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关系代词有:who(指人,在从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人,作宾语) ,whose(指人,作定语),that(可指人或物),which(指物)。
引导定语从句的关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)。这些关系副词相当于(介词+which)。例如:
when=in(on,at,during)+which
where=in(at,to)+which
why=for which
(1)关系代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语;关系副词在从句中作状语。
作主语:Thewoman who is talking to the teacher is her mother
正在跟老师说话的那个女人是她的母亲。
The boy who played the piano on the stage yesterday is Mr Li's s on
昨天在台上弹钢琴的那个男孩儿是李先生的儿子。
作表语:Chaplinwas a great actor whose name is well known all over the world
卓别林是一位闻名于全世界的伟大的演员。
作宾语:Do you know the man whose sonis your schoolmate
你认识那个他的儿子是你同学的男人吗
作宾语:Iam looking for the bike (that) I put here yesterday)
我正在找昨天我放在这里的自行车。
These are the reference books (that) I bought for you yesterday
这些是我昨天给你买的参考书。
作状语:
指时间:
Jack wasted much time on those days when he was in the middle school
杰克上中学的时候,浪费了许多时光。
It was in 1937 when Japanese soldiers broke into the city Beiping
日本鬼子闯入北平城是在一九三七年。
指地点:
This is the place where the composer Beethoven was born
这就是作曲家贝多芬出生的地方。
Have you been to the seaside where we can enjoy swimming
你去过那处我们可以尽情游泳的海滨吗
指原因:
Do you know (the reason) why she was so sad
你知道她为什么这样伤心吗
Who can tell me why it's so unfair
谁能告诉我为什么老天爷如此不公平
That's(the reason)why he was absent
这就是他缺席的原因。
注意:①当先行词被first,last这类词或最高级修饰时,一律都用that而不用which或who (不管先行词是指人还是物)。
This is the most beautiful picture that Ihave ever seen!
这是我所看见过的最美的画!
I'm the only one that you can rely on
我是你唯一能够依靠的人。
②当先行词为all,no,any,only,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词的时候,必须用that作引导词引导定语从句。
There is nothing that she can say to you
她对你没有什么话可说。
She is not interested in anything (that) he has told her
她对他告诉她的任何事情都不感兴趣。
(2)介词前置的定语从句关系代词which和whom还可以作介词的宾语,这时要把介词放在整个定语从句的前面。
Is this the school in which you studies
(in which=where)
这是你上学的学校吗
The man on whom the whole family rely died in a traffic accident yesterday
那个全家人依靠的顶梁柱昨天死于一场交通事故。
关系代词that和关系副词when,where等都不能作介词的宾语。
The house in which they are living was built 50 years ago
他们现在正居住的房子是50年以前建的。(不能说:Thehouse in that they are living w as built 50 years ago)
英语是一门语言,作为一种交际工具,句子是其使用单位。下面是我带来的,欢迎阅读!
精选
英语句子成分
The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun 按句子成分划分,此句为: 主语 定语 谓语状语 谓语 宾语 定语 按意群划分,此句为: 一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法
一、主语
主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候,首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”或者是一件“什么事”或者是一件“什么物体”,等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。
主语是指句子的某个部分,它可能是一个词,也可能是一个片语,还有可能是一个从句,甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以,英语中很多词类或片语、从句都可以做主语。另外,英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”,例如:It that 句式等。 名词作主语 数词片语作主语 代词作主语 不定式短语作主语 从句作主语
It 是形式主语, to travel部分是真正的主语
请指出下列句中主语的中心词。
1 The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom
2 There is a bird flying in the sky
3 The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year
4 It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help
二、谓语
在明确了主语后,我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中,除少数情况外,谓语必须是动词。而且,除了倒装等特殊情况外,谓语的位置相对来说是固定的,它总是位于主语的后面。 系动词和表语一起作谓语 行为动词作谓语 助动词和行为动词一起作谓语 情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语
三、宾语
从语法角度说,及物动词后面要接宾语 介词后也有宾语 。从意义上来说,宾语是动作的物件、目标。
宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。 代词作宾语 不定式作宾语 动名词短语作宾语
4 She said 从句做宾语
The sun gives us light and warmth us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语
1、间接宾语多指人,直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有:bring, give, show, send,
pass, tell 等。
间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
2、如果强调直接宾语,可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。
接to的动词有:give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。
Give your mother the letter =Give to
直接宾语 间接宾语
接for的动词有:buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。
Can you find me my bag =Can you find for
直接宾语 间接宾语
这正是:人前物后看清楚,换位要加for或to。
四、宾语补足语
现在一般认为,宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题我想分两点来说明。
1、英语中有些及物动词,不但会涉及到一个物件宾语,还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如:
We call him Little Tom 称呼的物件是him, 称呼的结果是Little Tom Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。
They made her happy make 使 her怎么样了happy 作进一步的补充说明,那么happy是补语。
I find oking bad for health find 的物件是 oking, 结论是bad for health
这一类带宾语补足语的动词有:1 把…看成… regard, see;2 把…当成… treat, take;
3 把…认为是… consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ;4 把…描述为… describe, use, show, organize, express 等。
2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词,不仅看到一个人宾语,还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如:
I saw a bird in a cage 看到小鸟在笼子里,“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。
We heard her singing a song 听到她在唱歌,“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。
这一类带宾语补足语动词有:see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。
补充说明:
I'm going to paint it pink
句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it,而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是执行了paint的动作。
句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。
比如:
I find learning English difficultdifficult是形容词做宾补
I saw the kite up and down up and down是副词做宾补
Tom made the girl cry cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式
常跟复合宾语的动词有:call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate任
命,choose,elect选举,define定义,regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict描述,represent表现出,declare宣称,denounce, employ雇佣, use, show, organize, express
五、表语
英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词,它没有明显的外观的动作形式,例如:be am/is/are是, get变得, sound听起来, look, seem看起来, feel感到等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”,“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意:系表结构合起来共同组成谓语,来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如:
I am a teacher 系动词am + 表语 a teacher
They are on the playground now 系动词are + 表语 on the playground
It sounds interesting sound为系动词,interesting为表语
六、定语
定语是修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住:定语最关键的一点是,定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物即名词特点的成分。动词不可能有定语,形容词也没有。一般情况下,定语可以是一个词,也可能是几个词或一个片语,也可能是一个从句定语从句。例如: 单个的词作定语
The office is 片语作定语 从句作定语
英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面,也可以在名词后面,特别是放在名词后面的定语,与中文习惯不同,同学们要注意分辨清楚。 in today’s newspaper
七、状语
上面说了,定语是说明名词特点、性质的,而状语则是说明动词如何如何的,例如:动作在什么时间发生,什么地点发生,什么条件下发生,为什么目的发生,等等。状语的核心是:状语是修饰动词的,只有动词才有状语。
一般来说,状语的位置比较灵活,它可以放在句子的任何位置,可以放在句首、句中或者句末,而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候,要视具体情况而定。同样,状语可以是一个单词,也可以是几个单词或片语,也可以是一个状语从句。例如: We often help him often 副词,位置在help 前面。
I really don't like the food 也可以说:I don't like the food really 注意状语really 的位置。
He did his homework carefully at home carefully 副词;at home 是片语,位置都在did 后面。
When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher when从句是时间状语,在句首;to be是目的状语。
利用口诀综述以上内容:主在前、谓在中,宾语、状语后面冲。短语定语主宾后,形、代定语主宾前。 间宾直宾紧相依,直、间之间to、for连。宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。
练习
划分句子成分练习题1
1They are working on the farm now
2Seeing is believing
3All of us like Kobe Bryant very much
4She became a doctor in 1998
5The book lying on the floor are mine
6Suddenly it begins to rain
7To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday
8I always find her happy
9He wonders If I still study English
10The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend mine
11We always work hard at English
12He said he didn't e
13They love each other
14What did you bye
15She watched her daughter playing the piano
16your job today is to help the old
17Speaking doesn't mean doing
18Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left
19The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage
20It takes me an hour to get there
英语句子成分划分,首先就要做好句子成分的了解:
句子成分即构成句子的各个部分。
句子成分有核心成分和次要成分。
核心成分:主语和谓语
次要成分:宾语、表语、补足语、定语、状语、同位语
核心成分是指每个英语句子中都有的不可或缺的成分,用一个不是很恰当的比喻,主语就像人的脑袋,谓语就像人的灵魂。
次要成分中宾语、表语、宾补在有些句式中也是不可或缺的,缺少这些成分可能会造成语义的缺失,出现语法错误。
而像定语、状语和同位语这些成分就属于句子中修饰成分。缺少定语状语只会让句子的表述没那么丰富而已,不会造成语法错误。
英语:句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种 主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。 宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。 主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分,除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working主语是they(他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。那么,哪些词语可以做主语,谓语,何时主谓倒置,主语与谓语的一致情况如何,我将一一讲述。 主语 定义:主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。 哪些词可以充当主语 1,名词 例如: A mooncake is a delicious, round cake The first truck is carrying a few baskets The temperature will stay above zero The doctor looked over Mrs Brown very carefully China does not want to copy the USA’s example 2,代词 例如: It’s a young forest I don’t know if it will grow That’s a bit expensive You’d better buy a new pair I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes 3,数词 例如:One and two is three One is not enough for me I want one more One of them is English Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck Two will be enough 4,不定式 (常以 It’s adj to do sth 形式出现) 例如: To give is better than to receive =Its better to give I found it difficult to get to sleep It’s glad to see you again It was difficult to say But it’s good to swim in summer 5,IT 作主语,有如下情况: 1)指代刚刚提到的事物:What’s this It’s a bus (指代what) 2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人:Who’s knocking the door It’s me (指代 who) Who’s the baby in the picture It’s my sister (指代 who) 3) 表示时间,天气,距离: What’s the time It’s eight o’clock (时间) What’s it going to be tomorrow It’s going to be rainy(天气) How far is it It’s about one kilometre away (距离) 6 THERE 引起的There be 句型中,be 作谓语,主语位居其后。如: There are many different kinds of mooncakes There will be a strong wind 谓语 谓语由动词构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如: I like walking(一般现在时主动语态) I made your birthday cake last night (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world (一般现在时被动语态) 复合谓语也可分为两种情况: 第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语: What does this word mean I won’t do it again I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao You’d better catch a bus 第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如: You look the same We are all here The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer Keep quite and listen to me He looked worried We have to be up early in the moming Is Bill in School Is over Let’s go home My pen is in my bag I feel terrible I fell tried all the time He seemed rather tired last night 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割;有关动词的种类这方面知识在课本中已有介绍,此处不多说了。 宾语 宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。 I saw a cat in the tree 我看见树上有一只猫。 I want to go shopping 我想去买东西。 He said he could be here 他说他会来的。 We think you are right 我们认为你是对的。 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加"to"。 My father bought me a book 我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me 把橡皮给我。 Please give the letter to XiaoLi 请把这封信给小李。 有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系,这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him LaoWang 我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red 请给它涂上红颜色。 We found the little girl in the hill 我们在山上找到了小女孩。 定语 用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower 那是一朵漂亮的花。 The TV set made in that factory is very good 那个工厂生产的电视机很好。 This is my book,not your book 这是我的书,不是你的书。 There are more than twenty trees in our school 我们学校里有二十多棵树。 I have a lot of things to do 我有好多要做的事情。 Our country is a developing country 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。 状语 1、说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。 2、状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等 A、副词一般在句子中做状语. He speaks English very well 他英语说得非常好 He is playing under the tree中的under the tree是地点状语 B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you我专门来看你 C、介词短语 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian The boy was praised for his bravery D、从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you E、分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another 补语 英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。 1、主语的补语 它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。 1I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her 我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语) 2 -- Who broke the vase --谁打碎了花瓶? -- Me --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me) 3John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she (she做主语补语) 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。 2、宾语的补语 1不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty 我们相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence He is made to copy the sentence I felt my hands tremble 2名词 At the meeting we elected him monitor I think your brother a clever boy 3形容词 What you said made Xiao Wang angry I found the classroom empty 4副词 Please call the students back at once He was seen to take his cap off 5现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall I found him lying in bed, sleeping 6过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water I heard it spoken of in the next room 表语 表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow 这些桌子是**的。 I am all right 我没事。 We are happy now 我们现在很幸福。 It's over 时间到了。 She is ten 她十岁了。 My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英语。 The dictionary is in the bag 词典在书包里边。 My question is how you knew him 我的问题是你如何认识他的。 同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。 This is Miss Chen, our English teacher 这是陈**,我们的英语老师。 My parents both are teacher 我父母俩都是老师。 We all like sports 我们都喜欢运动。
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