句子成分
主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history (数词) Seeing is believing （动名词）
To see is to believe （不定式） What he needs is a book （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English He is asleep
表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher （名词） Seventy-four! You don’t look it （代词）
Five and five is ten （数词） He is asleep （形容词）
His father is in （副词） The picture is on the wall ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost （形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring （不定式）
The question is whether they will come （表语从句）
（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）,
remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）
It sounds a good idea The sound sounds strange
Her voice sounds sweet Tom looks thin
The food smells delicious The food tastes good
The door remains open Now I feel tired
宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China （名词） He hates you （代词）
How many do you need We need two （数词）
We should help the old and the poor I enjoy working with you （动名词）
I hope to see you again （不定式） Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）
2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake Under the snow, there are many rocks
3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday Give the poor man some money
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor （名词） We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here （名）
We will make them happy （形容词） We found nobody in ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home 介词短语） Don’t let him do that （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson （带to不定式）
Don’t keep the lights burning （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired （过去分词）
主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor She was found singing in the next room
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson
定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher（名词） He is our friend （代词）
We belong to the third world （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2 （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now （过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well （不定式）
You should do everything that I do （定语从句）
状语：用来修饰v, adj, adv, or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
（以下例句按上述顺序排列）
I will go there tomorrow The meeting will be held in the meetingroom
The meat went bad because of the hot weather He studies hard to learn English well
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam I like some of you very much
If you study hard, you will pass the exam He goes to school by bike
Though he is young, he can do it well
句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型
主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．/ My head aches
主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 She is happy．
主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me
主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage
（ There +be There lies a book on the desk ）
1We always work hard at English
2He said he didn't come
3They love each other
4What did you bye
5She watched her daughter playing the piano
6your job today is to help the old
7Speaking doesn't mean doing
8Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left
9The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage
10It takes me an hour to get there
答案：
1We always work hard at English。
—— —— —— —— ——————
主语 状语 谓语 状语 状语
2 He said he didn't come
——— ——— ——— ——————
主句主语 主句谓语 从句主语 从句谓语
3They love each other
—— —— ——————
主 谓语 宾语
4What did you bye
—— —— —— ——
宾 助动词 主 谓
5She watched her daughter playing the piano
—— ———— —————— —————————
主 谓 宾 宾语补足语
6your job today is to help the old
———— ——- —— ————————
主 定语 系动词 表语
7Speaking doesn't mean doing
———— —————— ——
主 谓 宾
8Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left
———————————————— ————— ————
时间状语从句 主句主语 主句谓语
9The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of
—————— ——— —————— ——— —————————————
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语
their marriage
————————
10It takes me an hour to get there
—— ——— ————— ——————
形式主语 谓语 宾语 真正主语
本人不太会用电脑，所以不知道下划线怎么弄，就用——代替了，不好意思啊！呵呵!
根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分
1主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首如：
It’s getting cold 天冷起来了
Now everything is ready 现在一切都准备好了
The teacher is very kind to us 老师对我们很好
2 谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后如：
Mother bought me a VCR 妈给我买了一台录像机
We have finished our work already 我们已经完成了工作
3 表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语如：
Be careful! 小心!
He looks very angry 他看上去很生气
His job is looking after sheep 他的任务是看羊
4 宾语：指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后如：
He wrote many plays 他写了许多剧本
She loves swimming 她喜欢游泳
5 宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明,一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当如：
He told us to stay 他叫我们留下
I’ve never seen her dancing 我从未看见过她跳舞
I found it difficult to refuse him 我感到很难拒绝他
6 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明,一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当,位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在所修饰的词之后(详见形容词一章)如：
It’s an interesting story 那是一个有趣的故事
Do you have time to help us 你有时间帮助我们吗
Who is the woman being operated on 正在动手术的女人是谁
7 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当如：
We like English very much 我们非常喜欢英语
Her uncle lives in Canada 她叔叔住在加拿大
She was lying in bed reading 她躺在床上看书
United we stand, divided we fall 团结则存,分裂则亡
8 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语如：
This is my friend Harry 这是我的朋友哈利
We students should study hard 我们学生应该努力学习
9独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开如：
He’s a nice person, to be sure 肯定他是一个好人
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all 说也奇怪,考试他竟然通过了
注：后两种初中不要求掌握
句子有这几大类 :
主谓
主谓宾
主谓宾宾补
主谓间接宾语直接宾语
主系表
这是基本的东西,先搞清楚后再搞其他高级的部分
第十五章 句子的结构
英语的句子,与汉语句子类似,按照语法结构也可分为三类,即简单句,并列句和复合句那么有关这三种句型的详细信息,请看下面的讲解
一、简单句
简单句只包含一个主谓结构,并且各个结构都是由单词或短语组成,不包含任何从句简单句有五种基本句型
1主语+谓语(不及物动词)
The new term begins
新学期开始了
2主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
The girl is learning to play the piano
这个女孩在学弹钢琴
3主语+连系动词+表语
Susan is a student
苏珊是个学生
4主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
He bought her a watch
他给她买了一块表
5 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补语
We all believed you honest
我们都认为你是诚实的
二、并列句(简单句+连词+简单句)
并列句是由两个或多个简单句连接而成的其中的各个简单句并列平行,同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,能够独立成句它们之间要用连词连接
并列句可分为四种：
1表示相同关系
用连词或逗号、分号连接构成并列句常用连词有：and, notonlybut also, neithernor
Her father is a teacher and her mother is a doctor
她的父亲是老师,母亲是医生
Susan not only runs fast, but also jumps high
苏姗不但跑得快,而且跳得高
I could neither swim nor skate
我既不会游泳,也不会滑冰
I wouldn't see this film , it's boring
我不想看这个**,它令人心烦
2表示转折关系
常用连词有：but, still, yet,while, when等
It was late at night, but he went on doing his homework
夜已深了,但是他还在继续做作业
She was busy cooking while they were watching TV
她忙着做饭,而他们却在看电视
The film is not perfect, still, it's good
这部影片虽然不是无可挑剔,但还是好的
3表示选择关系
常用连词为：or, eitheror
Would you have tea or coffee
你是喝茶还是咖啡
The teacher wanted to see either his father or mother
老师要见一下他的父亲或是母亲
Either this road or that on e can lead you to that hospital
这条路或那条路都通往那家医院
4表示因果关系
常用连词有for和so
She soon fell asleep, for she was too tired
她很快就睡着了,因为她太累了
We hurried to the railway station, for there was little time for the train toleave
我们急忙赶往车站,因为火车很快就要开了
It was raining harder and harder, so we had to stay at home
雨下得越来越大,所以我们只得呆在家里
The teacher asked Susan to go, so she went
老师让苏姗到她那去,因此她就去了
注意：1、 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉
如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time= If wehurry up, we’ll be there in time
2 because和so; although, though和but不能连用
(二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别
引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor等,并列连词包括关联连词both…and, either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also, as well as, as much as等并列连词也包括连接性副词,如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway,
consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别：
1 位置上的区别
连接两个独立的分句时,并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首,前面通常有逗号：
Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he won't be back till the end of the month
I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go
Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you (快还他钱,不然他要向你起诉)They all went, but I didn't(go)
连接性副词的位置较灵活,既可放在句首,也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多：
Father is ill; therefore ,he doesn't go to work today
置于句首
Father is ill; he, therefore, doesn't go to work today
置于句首
Father is ill; he doesn't go work today, therefore
置于句末
2 用法的区别
两个并列连词不可以连用：
Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there (根据句意,应把but划掉)
但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用：
He is not in favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection
三、复合句(主句+连词+从句)
包含一个主句,一个或一个以上的从句的句子叫复合句从句从属于主句并充当主句的某一成分,如主语,表语,宾语,定语,状语等
(一)、引导名词性从句的连接词
分类
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连词（5个）：that（宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略）
whether,if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）
as if ,as though （均表示“好像”,“似乎”）
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词（9个）：what, whatever, who, whoever,whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever
连接副词（7个）：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however
不可省略的连词：
1 介词后的连词
2 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she waschosen made us very happy
We heard the newsthat our team had won
比较
whether与if 均为"是否"的意思但在下列情况下,只可用whether：
1 whether引导主语从句并在句首
2 引导表语从句
3 whether从句作介词宾语
4 常与 "or not" 连用；if 则不可
5 引导同位语从句
Whether he willcome is not clear
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语
It is notimportant who will go
It is still unknown which teamwill win the match
1主语从句
主语从句就是从句作主语它可作谓语动词的主语,也可作分词的主语主语从句有三种：
(1)由that引导：
It is impolite（ that you talked so loud inthe restaurant）---指代it的内容
你们在餐馆那么大声音说话是极不礼貌的
It is a great surprise that she won the champion
她得了冠军,真是令人惊异
(2)由what, whatever和whoever等代词引导：
What she said just now is correct
她刚才说的话很对
What caused the air disaster is under the investigation
究竟是什么导致了这次空难,正在调查
Whatever you have seen must be kept in your mind
不管你看到什么,都要记在心里
Whoever breaks the world record will get one million yuan as an a ward
任何打破世界纪录的人将得到一百万元奖金
(3)由连接副词whether, how, when,why, where引导：
When the sports meet will be held isn'tdecided
什么时候开运动会还没有定下来
Whether she can pass the exam is not sure
她是否能够通过考试还没有把握
How he arrived there is unknown to anybody
他是如何到达那里的,没有人知道
Why the fire broke out here in the workshop remains a mystery
车间这里为什么会发生火灾仍是个谜
注意：当主语从句过长而谓语较短时,通常用代词it作形式主语,而把从句放在句尾
It remains a mystery that the air disaster took place that day
那天发生的空难仍然是个谜
It is uncertain whether we'll attend the meeting or not
我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定
2宾语从句
这类从句常是这种结构：主句+引导句+从句,从句中始终用陈述语序
(1)由that引导(通常that可以省略)
She is very sure that she can work out the problem
她确信她能解出这道题
She told me that she could finish it herself
她跟我说她可以自己完成这件工作
(2)由what, who, which等关系代词引导
We don't understand what you said just now
我们不明白你刚才说的话
Tell me which you want
告诉我你要哪一个
Do you know who is the man over there
你知道那边那个人是谁吗
(3)由how, when, why, where引导宾语从句
They wanted to know when the building would be set up
他们想要知道这座楼房何时建成
Will you please tell me how I can get to the park
请告诉我怎么走才能到公园好吗
I wonder where she is now
我想知道她现在在哪儿
I don't know why you dislike physics
我不知道为什么你讨厌物理
(4)一些形容词之后所接的句子也是宾语从句这些形容词有：glad, sorry, sure , afraid,worried, angry, aware, confident等
I'm glad that you've helped me a lot
很高兴你给我这么大的帮助
We are confident that we can beat them
我们有信心打败他们
The father was angry that his son failed to pass the maths exam
这位父亲对他的儿子数学不及格很恼火
I'm not sure if she has finished the painting
我不清楚她是否完成了那幅作品
注意：当宾语从句过长时,可用it作形式宾语而将从句放在句子后面
She thought it pity that I had missed the chance
她认为我错过了那个机会非常可惜
I found it very easy that I worked out the problem
我觉得很容易地就做出了这道难题
The manager made it clear that your idea was impossible
经理已明白地指出你的想法不能实现
3定语从句
以从句的形式修饰或限定主句中的名词、代词、短语等的句子,叫作定语从句
定语从句通常用关系词(关系代词和关系副词)把它与主句连接起来它在句中所修饰和限定的词或短语称为先行词
引导定语从句的关系代词有：who(指人,在从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人,作宾语) ,whose(指人,作定语),that(可指人或物),which(指物)
引导定语从句的关系副词有：when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)这些关系副词相当于(介词+which)例如：
when=in(on,at,during)+which
where=in(at,to)+which
why=for which
(1)关系代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语；关系副词在从句中作状语
作主语：Thewoman who is talking to the teacher is her mother
正在跟老师说话的那个女人是她的母亲
The boy who played the piano on the stage yesterday is Mr Li's s on
昨天在台上弹钢琴的那个男孩儿是李先生的儿子
作表语：Chaplinwas a great actor whose name is well known all over the world
卓别林是一位闻名于全世界的伟大的演员
作宾语：Do you know the man whose sonis your schoolmate
你认识那个他的儿子是你同学的男人吗
作宾语：Iam looking for the bike (that) I put here yesterday)
我正在找昨天我放在这里的自行车
These are the reference books (that) I bought for you yesterday
这些是我昨天给你买的参考书
作状语：
指时间：
Jack wasted much time on those days when he was in the middle school
杰克上中学的时候,浪费了许多时光
It was in 1937 when Japanese soldiers broke into the city Beiping
日本鬼子闯入北平城是在一九三七年
指地点：
This is the place where the composer Beethoven was born
这就是作曲家贝多芬出生的地方
Have you been to the seaside where we can enjoy swimming
你去过那处我们可以尽情游泳的海滨吗
指原因：
Do you know (the reason) why she was so sad
你知道她为什么这样伤心吗
Who can tell me why it's so unfair
谁能告诉我为什么老天爷如此不公平
That's(the reason)why he was absent
这就是他缺席的原因
注意：①当先行词被first,last这类词或最高级修饰时,一律都用that而不用which或who (不管先行词是指人还是物)
This is the most beautiful picture that Ihave ever seen!
这是我所看见过的最美的画!
I'm the only one that you can rely on
我是你唯一能够依靠的人
②当先行词为all,no,any,only,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词的时候,必须用that作引导词引导定语从句
There is nothing that she can say to you
她对你没有什么话可说
She is not interested in anything (that) he has told her
她对他告诉她的任何事情都不感兴趣
(2)介词前置的定语从句关系代词which和whom还可以作介词的宾语,这时要把介词放在整个定语从句的前面
Is this the school in which you studies
(in which=where)
这是你上学的学校吗
The man on whom the whole family rely died in a traffic accident yesterday
那个全家人依靠的顶梁柱昨天死于一场交通事故
关系代词that和关系副词when,where等都不能作介词的宾语
The house in which they are living was built 50 years ago
他们现在正居住的房子是50年以前建的(不能说：Thehouse in that they are living w as built 50 years ago)
掌握英语 句子 结构,才能更准确的理解英语句子的意思并正确写出,也有利于提高中学生的 英语阅读 能力和写作水平。下面是我带来的初中英语句子成分，欢迎阅读!
初中英语句子成分精选
初中英语句子成分分析与讲解
英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词 造句 ，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。
请同学们认真阅读下面的问答，我相信它一定会对同学们起到抛砖引玉的作用。
问什么是句子成分英语句子包含哪些成分
答组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
问各成分在句中的作用如何分别由哪些词及 短语 充当
答
1主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：
The car is running fast(名词)
We are students(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai(数词)
It's bad manners to spit in public(不定式)
Eating too much is bad for your health(动名词)
注意若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
2谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：
He works in a factory(实义动词)
I felt cold(系动词+表语)
How can I get to the station(情态动词+实义动词)
Do you speak English(助动词+实义动词)
They are working in a field(助动词+实义动词)
注意谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如： He is doing his homework(名词)
They did nothing this morning(代词)
She wants to go home(不定式)
We enjoy playing football(动名词)
注意①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：
He bought me a book
Pass me the ball，will you(间宾+直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai(直宾+间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom(直宾+间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：
I hope to see you again
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：
Do you mind my opening the window
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：
I stopped to talk with him(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)
4定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)
She is a chemistry teacher(名词)
There are two students in the classroom(数词)
We have something to do tomorrow(不定式)
The man in blue is my brother(介词短语)
注意定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。
5状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：
Thank you very much(副词)
I get up at five in the morning(介词短语)
He is studying hard so as to catch up with others(不定式短语)
We were having breakfast when the telephone rang(从句)
注意enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：
He is old enough to go to school
6表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：
They are workers(名词)
Two and three is five(数词)
The story is very interesting(形容词)
M y job(工作)is teaching English(动名词)
She is at home(介词短语)
I feel terrible(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious(形容词)
7宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：
We elected him monitor(名词)
I found it difficult to learn English well(形容词)
The doctor told me to do more exercise(不定式短语)
He is going to have his hair cut(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky(现在分词)
初中英语句子成分学习
英语句子成分结构详解
一、英语语句基本结构分析：
(一)主谓宾结构：
1、主语：可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy)，主格代词(如you)，数词，动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America
He made a speech
Two and two is four
To be a teacher is my dream
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story
2、谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi)没
有宾语，形成主谓结构，
eg:We come
Many changes took place in my home town
注(以下这些词是不及物动词：表发生、出现的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去，如：come, go 等)
3、宾语：宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外，名词，动名词，不定式等可以作宾语。
eg：I will do it tomorrow
The boy needs a pen
I like swimming
I like to swim this afternoon
(二)主系表结构：
1、主语：同‘主谓宾’结构。
2、谓语：联系动词(Link verb)：be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变和感官动词如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。
3、表语：说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。
(1)当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达‘转变为’之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last
His face turned red
(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well他面色好。
It sounds nice这个听起来不错。
I feel good我感觉好。
The egg smells bad这个鸡蛋难闻。
例：Tom is a boy(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy
(三)There be 结构：
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示‘(存在)有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，(如：something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
(一)形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
(二)数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
(四)介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
(五)名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(六)分词(短语)作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
(七) 定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs a pen那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
三、状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如：often)或程度(如：almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语)，也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时’in the classroom为地点状语)，最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl'
(一)副词(短语)作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy needs a pen now/Now,the boy needs a pen/The boy,now,needs a pen/男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
(二)介词短语作状语：
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语) Before his mother,Tom is always a boy在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom星期天,教室里没有学生(时间状语)
(三)分词(短语)作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
(四)不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
(五)名词作状语：
Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)
(六)状语从句：
时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句
四、直接宾语和间接宾语：
(一)特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc
(二)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语;一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
eg:Give me a cup of tea,please
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to MrSmithMr
五、宾语补足语
位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier战争使他成为一名战士
(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy新 方法 使这项工作变得轻松
(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work我经常发现他在工作
(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows老师让学生们关上窗户
(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road我看见一只猫跑过了马路
六、同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end/我相信,这个 故事 还远没结束
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
八、分词独立结构
分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结
构。
例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up
正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score(分数) 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了)
分词独立结构常省略being,having been不过‘There being’的场合不能省略
如：
Game (being) over,he went home
He stands there,book (being) in hand
独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如：
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。(注意，此句on his nose不可省略!)
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