英语中有五种基本结构:
2 主语+谓语动词(不及物,符号为 vi)+状语(时间、地点、原因、方式等)
3 主语+谓语动词(及物动词,符号为 vt)+宾语(动作的承受者)
4 主语+谓语动词(及物动词,符号为 vt)+某人+某物
5 主语+谓语动词(及物动词,符号为 vt)+宾语+宾语补语(说明宾语的状态、动作、特征等,不可缺少,否则句意不完整)
注:1)任何正式语句都会符合这句型之一
2)各种句型里的动词都是各自独立的,不是说可以把任一个动词随便用在一个句型里,动词都有固定的用法,这要下功夫记忆,还有就是在语境中观察
3)分析复杂长句首先就是确定句型种类,关键是要敲定谓语动词,然后一一对应即可
4)长句、复杂句中每一个成分可能都不是单纯的词构成,这就需要长期的语言素养来辅助分析。Enjoy reading and learning!
词类和句子成分
一、词类
能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(parts of speech)。
英语的词通常分为十大类,即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下:
(一)名词
名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如:
foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂 Newton牛顿
law 法律 freedom自由 peace 和平
英语名词可分为两大类:
1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:
teacher 教师 market市场 rice 大米
magazine杂志 sound 声音 production生产
2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须
大写。例如:
Hemingway海明威 Russia 俄罗斯
New York 纽约 United Nations联合国
名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如:
shop→shops商店 bus→buses 公共汽车 library→libraries图书馆
toy→toys 玩具 leaf→leaves树叶
英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如:
man→men男人 tooth→teeth牙齿 datum→data数据
有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则,请参阅有关的英语语法书。
(二)冠词
冠词(article)放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。
不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前,an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如:
a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会
a double room一个双人间 a useful book 一本有用的书
an exhibition一次展览 an honest man一个诚实的人
冠词只有一个,既the,表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。例如:
the TV programs 那些电视节目 the house那座房子
the Olympic Games奥运会
(三)代词
代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括:
1。 人称代词,如:I, you, they, it等;
2。 物主代词,如:my, his, their, our, mine, hers等;
3。 反身代词,如:myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等;
4。 相互代词,如:each other, one another等;
5。 指示代词,如:this, that, these, those, such, same等;
6。 疑问代词,如:who, whom, whose, which, what等;
7。 关系代词,如:who, whom, whose, which, that等;
8。 不定代词,如:some, any, no, all, one, every, many, a little, someone, anything等;
(四)数词
数词(numeral)是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词,例如:one(一),twenty
(二十),thirty-five(三十五),one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等;后者称为序数词,例如:first(第一),twentieth(第二十),fifty-first(第五十一等。
(五)形容词
形容词(adjective)是用来修饰名词,表示名词属性的词。例如:yellow(**的),wonderful(惊人的),strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前,例如:busy streets(繁华的街道),public relations(公共关系),young men(年轻人)等。
形容词的比较等级可分为三种,既原级、比较级和最高级。原级,既未变化的形容词原形,例如:great, big, difficult等;比较级,既形容词+后缀-er或more+形容词,例如:greater, bigger, more difficult等;最高级,既形容词+后缀-est或most+形容词,例如:greatest, biggest, most difficult等。
(六)副词
副词可分为四种,包括:
1。普通副词,例如:together(一起),well(好),carefully(仔细地)等;
2。疑问副词,例如:when(何时),where(何地),how(如何),why(为什么)等;
3。连接副词,例如:therefor(因此),then(然后),however(然而),otherwise(否则)等;
4。关系副词,例如:where, when, why等。
副词的比较等级的构成和形容词一样。
(七)动词
动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词,例如:sign(签字),support(支持),have(有),exist(存在)等。
动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。
实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语,例如:explain(解释),stay(停留),have(有)等。系动词作谓语时,后面需接表语。常见英语系动词有:be(是),seem(似乎),look(看起来),become(变成),appear(显得),get(变得),feel(感到),turn(变成),remain(仍然是)等。
情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感。情态动词只能和原行动词一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动词主要有can(能够),may(可以,也许),must(必须)及其过去形式could, might等。
助动词常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及用于否定和疑问等结构中。英语助动词主要有shall, will, have, be, should, would, do等。
实义动词还可根据是否需要宾语分为及物动词和不及物动词。
及物动词(transitive verb)后面要跟宾语,意义才完整。例如:
You muxt consider the matter carefully
你一定要仔细考虑这件事。(the matter是及物动词consider的宾语)
Have you received the letter
你受到了那封信吗?(the letter是及物动词receive的宾语)
不及物动词(intransitive verb)本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语,例如:
The old man walked very slowly
这老人走的很慢。(walked是不及物动词)
He didn't sleep well last night
他昨晚睡的不好。(sleep是不及物动词)
动词有四中基本形式,即动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。例如:
原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
live lived lived living
build built built building
have had had having
动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则和不规则两种。规则动词(regular verb)的过去式和过去分词,在原形动词后面加词尾-ed或-d构成。不规则动词(irregular verb)的过去式和过去分词的形式是不规则的,如eat, ate, eaten。这些动词数量虽不多,但都是比较常用的,必须熟记。
现在分词在动词原形后面加-ing构成。关于动词原形加-ed和-ing的方法和读音以及不规则动词的变化,请参阅相关词典或语法书。
(八)介词
介词(preposition)又叫前置词,放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面,表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。
介词在句中一般不重读,也不能单独作句子成分。
介词根据其构成,可分为简单介词,如:in, at, for, since等;复合介词,如:into(进入), as for(至于), out of(出自);二重介词,如:until after(直至之后), from among(从当中);短语介词,如:according to(根据), because of(因为), in front of(在之前), in the event of(如果);分词介词,如:regarding(关于), considering(考虑到), including(包括)。
介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositional phrase)。
(九)连词
连词(conjunction)是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词,在句中一般不重读,也不能在句中单独作句子成分。
根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质,可分为并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词,例如:and(和), or(或者、否则), but(但是), for(因为), not onlybut also(不仅而且), neithernor(即不也不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词,例如:that, if(如果), whether(是否), when(当时候), although(虽然), because(因为), so that(结果)。
从连词本身的结构形式看,又可分为:简单连词,如:but, because, if;关联连词,如:not onlybut also, asas(和一样);分词连词,如:supposing(假如), provided(倘若);短语连词,如:as if(好象), as soon as(一旦就), in order that(以便)。
(十)感叹词
感叹词(interjection)是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词,例如:oh, well, why, hello等。
上述十大词类中,名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、数词等都有实义,故称为实词(notioal word);而介词、冠词、连词、感叹词等没有实义,故称为虚词(form word)。
不少词可以属于几个词类,例如:smoke(名词) (烟尘),(动词) (吸烟);own(形容词) (自己的),(动词) (拥有);just(副词) (刚才),(形容词) (正义的);key(名词) (钥匙),(形容词) (主要的),等。
二、句子成分
由不同词类的单词,按照一定的语法规则组合在一起,能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成,这些部分叫做句子成分(members of the sentence)。英语的句子成分有八种:主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。现分述如下:
(一)主语
主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首,一般不省略。可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。例如:
Walls have ears
隔墙有耳。(名词做主语)
He will take you to the hospital
他会带你去医院。(代词做主语)
Three plus four equals seven
三加四等于七。(数词做主语)
To see is to believe
眼见为实。(动词不定式做主语)
Smoking is not allowed in public places
公共场所不允许吸烟。(动名词做主语)
Whether or not they will come depends on the weather
他们来不来取决与天气。(从句做主语)
(二)谓语动词
谓语动词(predicate verb)是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。例如:
Action speaks louder than words
百说不如一干。
The chance may never come again
这样的机会恐怕不会再来。
Tom was very sick at heart
汤姆心里非常难过。
Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994
自1994年以来,玛丽一直在那家服装店工作。
(三)表语
表语(predicative)是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的,它的位置在系动词之后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词以及表语从句等。例如:
My father is a professor
我父亲是一位教授。(名词作表语)
Who's that It's me
是谁呀?是我。(代词作表语)
Everything here is dear to her
这里的一切她都感到亲切。(形容词作表语)
The match became very exciting
比赛变得很紧张。(分词作表语)
The story of my life may be of help to others
我的生活经历对别人可能有帮助。(介词短语作表语)
Three times five is fifteen
三乘五等于十五。(数词作表语)
His plan is to seek work in the city
他的计划是在城里找工作。(动词不等式作表语)
My first idea was that you should hide your feelings
我最初的想法是你应当掩饰你的感情。(从句作表语)
(四)宾语
宾语(object)表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾语。可作宾语的有名词、数词、代词、动名词等。不定式也可作及物动词的宾语。例如:
she covered her face with her hands
她用双手蒙住脸。(名词短语作宾语)
We haven't seen her for a long time
我们好长时间没看到她了。(代词作宾语)
Do you mind opening the window
打开窗户你介意吗?(动名词作宾语)
Give me four please
请给我四个。(数词作宾语)
He wants to dream a nice dream
他想做一个好梦。(动词不定式短语作宾语)
We need to know what others are doing
我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。(从句作宾语)
I lived in Japan in 1986
我1986 年住在日本。(名词和数词作介词的宾语)
(五)定语
定语(attribute)是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不等式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等。例如:
They are woman workers
她们是女工。(名词作定语)
Tom's father didn't write home until yesterday
汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信。(所有格名词作定语)
Equal pay for equal work should be introduced
应当实行同工同酬。(形容词作定语)
The play has three acts
这出戏有三幕。(数词作定语)
This is her first trip to Europe
这是她首次欧洲之行。(代词、数词和介词短语作定语)
China is a developing country
中国是一个发展中国家。(分词作定语)
You haven't kept your promise to write us often
你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。(动词不定式短语作定语)
My cat has a good nose for milk
我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏。(介词短语作定语)
Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here
想去西藏的人须在此签名。(从句作定语)
(六)状语
状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。例如:
These products are selling quickly
这些产品现在十分畅销。(副词作状语)
He is knee deep in snow
他踩在齐膝深的雪里。(名词作状语)
The best fish swim near the bottom
好鱼居水底。(有价值的东西不能轻易得到。)(介词短语作状语)
She sat there doing nothing
她坐在那里无所事事。(分词短语作状语)
We'll send a car over to fetch you
我们将派一辆车去接你。(动词不定式短语作状语)
She was slow to make up her mind
她迟迟不能下决心。(动词不定式短语作状语)
Strike while the iron is hot
趁热打铁。(从句作状语)
There is no such a word in English so far as I know
据我所知,英语里没有这样一个词。(从句作状语)
(七)宾语补足语和主语补足语
英语有些及物动词,除了要有宾语之外,还要加上宾语补足语(object complement),才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。如果上述结构变成被动语态,原宾语成为主语,原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语(subject complement)。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。例如:
They elected me captain of the team
他们选我当队长。(名词短语作宾语补足语)
He made me ashamed of myself
他使我感到惭愧。(形容词短语作宾语补足语)
We found everything there in good order
我们发现那里的一切井井有条。(介词短语作宾语补足语)
I should advise you not to miss the chance
我劝你不要错过机会。(不定式短语作宾语补足语)
I could feel my heart beating fast
我可以感觉出自己的心跳得很快。(分词短语作宾语补足语)
Some goods are left unsold
有些货物剩下未出售。(分词做主语补足语)
She was elected director of public relations
她被选为公关部主任。(名词短语做主语补足语)
动词中的实义动词和系动词可以担当谓语。动词不定式、分词和动名词形式不能独立担当谓语。介词是虚词的一种,不能独立担当句子成分,但介词加上其后的宾语所构成的介词短语,可在句中担当多种成分。
Her expression that Carla showed as she realized she would be on the show made up for my not being on the team
请注意我加上去的that Carla showed,原句将这些省略了,这样的话,这句话就容易理解了。
主语:Her expression;
谓语:made up for;
宾语:my not being on the team;
that Carla showed as she realized she would be on the show 是修饰Her expression的定语从句,而这个从句也是一个复合句,主句是Carla showed,而as she realized she would be on the show 是时间状语从句,所以,意思就是,当Carla意识到自己将能参赛时,所露出的(高兴的)神情。
整句话的意思是:当Carla意识到自己将能参赛时,脸上洋溢着兴奋的神情,看她这么高兴,也多少弥补了我自己落选的遗憾。
Are you sure(主句)this roof is completely tight(宾语从句)主句主语you,谓语是系动词are,同样也为整个句子的主语和谓语。“this roof is completely tight”整个句子做sure的宾语,在这个从句中,roof是主语,is是谓语,tight做表语。
I‘m not sure(主句) whether he will come(宾语从句)。I为主语,am not为谓语,也是整个句子的主语和谓语。“whether he will come"整个句子做sure的宾语,whether(是否)用来引导宾语从句,在从句中he是主语,will come是谓语
句子成分
表示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分(单词或词组等)叫做句子成分,句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语和同位语等,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,其他为次要成分。
知识点1:主语
主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme) , 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1.名词作主语。 如:A tree has fallen across the road
Little streams feed big rivers
2.代词用作主语。如:You’re not far wrong
He told a joke but it fell flat
3.数词用作主语。如:Three is enough
Four minus three is one
4.名词化的形容词用作主语。 The old need help
5.不定式用作主语。 如:To find your way can be a problem
It would be nice to see him again
6.动名词用作主语。如:Smoking is bad for you
Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work
7. 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如:The disabled are to receive more money
The deceased died of old age
8 介词短语用作主语。如:To Beijing is not very far 到北京不很远。
From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback
从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。
9 从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine
Whether we go or not depends on your father
10 句子用作主语。如:”How do you do ” is a greeting“你好”是一句问候语。
知识点2:谓语
谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。
1.由简单的动词构成。
(1) What happened
(2) He worked hard all day today
(3) The plane took off at ten o’clock
2.由动词短语构成的谓语。
(1) I am reading
(2) What’s been keeping you all this time
(3) You can do it if you try hard
3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如:
(1) I had a swim yesterday (had a swim 代替了swam )
(2) Take a look at that! (take a look 代替了 look )
(3) He gave a sigh (gave a sigh 代替了sighed )
(4) I got a good shake-up(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,彻底的) )
知识点3:表语
表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。
1.The wedding was that Sunday (名词)
2.So that’s that (代词)
3.We are seven (数词)
4.Are you busy (形容词)
5.Are you there (电话用语)(副词)
Is anybody in (副词)
6.All I could do was to wait (不定式)
My answer to his threat(威胁) was to hit him on the nose(不定式)
7.Complimenting (赞美,祝贺) is lying(动名词)
Is that asking so much (动名词)
8.I was so much surprised at it (过分)
I’m very pleased with what he has done (过分)
9.She is in good health (介词短语)
The show is from seven till ten (介词短语)
10.Is that why you were angry (从句)
11.This is where I first met her (从句)
补充
能做系动词的实义动词:
come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)
fell ,sound ,smell , look , taste (感观动词)
seem, appear (似乎,好像)
例如:
1.Our dream has come true (Come 后常加 easy ,loose natural 等)
2 He fell sick
Keep fit
Keep 作为系动词还常接quiet ,calm ,cool , well , warm ,silent ,clean ,dry
3.The well ran dry (short , loose , wild , cold 等)
4.A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is
知识点4:宾语
宾语(object )在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。
如: Our team beat all the others
可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。
1.Do you like a drink (名词)
2.They won’t hurt us (代词)
3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10 (数词)。
4.I shall do my possible (名词化形容词)
5.He left there last week (副词)
6.Does she really mean to leave home (不定式)
7.He never did the unexpected(名词化的分词)
8.Do you understand what I mean (从句)
扩展
宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。 直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, ping, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等;
间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。如:I have found him a place 我给他找到了一个职位。
知识点5:补语
补语(complement )是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。
补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement);
补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement)
(1) 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed 我又累又困,就去睡了。
有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如:
The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings
(2)可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等
1 They named the child Jimmy(名词用作并与补语)
2 My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister(名词短语作宾语补语)
3 He boiled the egg hard(形容词用作宾语补语)
3I found the book very interesting(形容词短语用作宾补)
4 The comrades wanted Dr Bethune to take cover(不定式用作宾语补语)
5I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul(动名作宾补)
6Don’t take his kindness for granted(介词短语作宾补)
知识点6:定语
定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。
1.形容词用作定语是大量的。
(1)She is a natural musician
(2)He must be the best violinist alive(后置定语)
2 名词用作定语。如
(1)A baby girl 女婴
(2)well water 井水
(3) Sports car 双座轻型汽车
(4)A fool’s paradise 梦幻的天堂
2.代词作定语。
(1)Your hair needs cutting(物主代词用作定语)
(2)Everybody’s business is nobody’s business (不定代词所有格作定语)
3.数词作定语
(1)There’s only one way to do it
(2)Do it now, you may not get a second chance
基数词用作后置定语: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949
4 副词充当定语时常后置,如:
the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界
the way out 出路 a day off 休息日
5.不定式用作定语
(1)Her promise to write was forgotten
(2)That’s the way to do it
6.动名词用作定语
A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药
eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法
7.分词充当定语
a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者
a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花
7.介词短语用作定语。
(1)This is a map of China
(2)The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words
8.从句用作定语,即定语从句
The car that’s parked outside is mine
Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one
知识点7:状语
状语(adverbial )是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如:
1.The girl is improving remarkably
2.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。
He speaks the language badly but read it well
Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors
3.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
(1) 时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中
Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow
In China now leads the world
(2) 地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。
There are plenty of fish in the sea
She kissed her mother on the platform(月台)
(3) 原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。
Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job
I eat potatoes because I like them
(4) 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。
She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway
She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said
(5) 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处)
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder
(6) 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
We’ll be lucky to get there before dark
If he were to come, what should we say to him
(7) 让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。
For all his money, he didn’t seem happy
He helped me although he didn’t know me
(8) 程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。
The lecture is very interesting
To what extent would you trust them
(9) 伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。
My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten
He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth
检测题(一):指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom
② There is an old man coming here
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year
④ To do today"s homework without the teacher"s help is very difficult
检测题(二):选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don"t like the picture on the wall
A don"t B like C picture D wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes
A get B longer C days D summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus
A Do B usually C go D bus
④ There will be a meeting at the lipary this afternoon
A will be B meeting C the lipary D afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their peakfast
A Did B twins C have D peakfast
⑥ Tom didn"t do his homework yesterday
A Tom B didn"t C do D his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this
A want B to tell C you D is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor
A We B had C send D doctor
⑨ He is interested in music
A is B interested C in D music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to
A give B did C whom D book
检测题(三): 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My pother hasn"t done his homework
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English
A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation
A B C D
④ How many new words did you learn last class
A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you
A B C D
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill
A B C D
⑦ They made him monitor of the class
A B C D
⑧ Go across the pidge and you will find the museum on the left
A B C D
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school
A B C D
⑩ They didn"t know who "Father Christmas" really is
A B C D
检测题(四):挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired
A B C D
② Why is he worried about Jim
A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow
A B C D
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject
A B C D
⑤ She was the first to learn about it
A B C D
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 (完成前2题,其余做课后作业)
① They use Mr Mrs with the family name
A B C D
② What is your given name
A B C D
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3
A B C D
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep
A B C D
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
A B C D
检测题(六):挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room
A B C D
② He asked her to take the boy out of school
A B C D
③ She found it difficult to do the work
A B C D
④ They call me Lily sometimes
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus
A B C D
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
A B C D
检测题(七):挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face
A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs
A B C D
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off
A B C D
⑥ She loves the lipary because she loves books
A B C D
⑦ I am afraid that if you"ve lost it, you must pay for it
A B C D
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine
A B C D
检测题(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story
② My father bought a new bike for me last week
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term
④ Here is a penGive it to Tom
⑤ Did he leave any message for me
课后作业:
1 We always work hard at English
—— —— —— —— ——————
2 He said he didn"t come
——— ——— ——— ——————
3 They love each other
—— —— ——————
4 What did you bye
—— —— —— ——
5 She watched her daughter playing the piano
—— ———— —————— —————————
6 Your job today is to help the old
———— ——- —— ————————
7 Speaking doesn"t mean doing
———— —————— ——
8 Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left
———————————————— ————— ————
9The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage
—————— ——— —————— ——— —————————————
10 It takes me an hour to get there
—— ——— ————— ——————
检测题
1、often ,She ,five ,for, times ,homework , a ,does, week
2、sometimes ,TV ,watches,He
3、of, two, I ,cups, want, water
4、book, on, desk, The, is, the
5、a, country, is ,China, great
6、an, A, is, animal
7、is, very, The, beautiful, city
8、have, I, sisters, two
9、is, a, the, There, in, desk, classroom
10、morning, on, My, football, Saturday, plays, father
句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:
S 十V 主谓结构
S 十V 十P 主系表结构
S 十V 十O 主谓宾结构
S 十V 十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S 十V 十O 十C 主谓宾补结构
说明:S =主语;V =谓语;P =表语;O =宾语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C =宾语补足语
知识点1.S 十V 句式
在此句式中,V 是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.) 。例如:
He runs quickly.
They listened carefully.
He suffered from cold and hunger.。
China belongs to the third world country.
The gas has given out.
My ink has run out.
知识点2.S 十V 十P 句式
在此句式中,V 是系动词(link v .) ,常见的系动词有:look ,seem ,appear ,sound ,feel ,taste ,smell ,grow ,get ,fall ill/asleep,stand/sit still,become ,turn 等。例如: He is older than he looks.
He seen interested in the book.
The story sounds interesting.
The desk feels hard.
The cake tastes nice.
The flowers smell sweet and nice.
You have grown taller than before.
He has suddenly fallen ill.
He stood quite still.
He becomes a teacher when he grew up.
He could never turn traitor to his country.
注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO 句式,例如:
He looked me up and down.
He reached his hand to feel the elephant.
They are tasting the fish.
They grow rice in their home town.
He"s got a chair to sit on.
Please turn the sentence into English.
知识点3.S 十V 十O 句式
在此句式中,V 是及物动词(vt.) ,因此有宾语。例如:
I saw a film yesterday.
Have you read the story
They found their home easily.
They built a house last year.
They"ve put up a factory in the village.
They have taken good care of the children.
You should look after your children well.
知识点4S 十V 十O1十O2句式
在此句式中,V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give ,ask ,ping ,offer ,send ,pay ,lend ,show ,tell ,buy ,get ;rob ,warn 等。例如:
He gave me a book/a book to me.
He pought me a pen/a pen to me.
He offered me his seat/his seat to me.
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:
Mother bought me a book/a book for me
He got me a chair/a chair for me.
Please do me a favor/a favor for me.
He asked me a question/a question of me.
知识点5.S 十V 十O 十C 句式
在此句式中,V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。 They made the girl angry.
They found her happy that day.
I found him out.
I saw him in.
They saw a foot mark in the sand.
They named the boy Charlie.
I saw him come in and go out.
They felt the car moving fast.
I heard the glass poken just now.
He found the doctor of study closed to him.
专题过关 检测题:划分句子结构
1 They are working on the farm now 2Seeing is believing
3All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4She became a doctor in 1998 5The book lying on the floor are mine 6Suddenly it begins to rain
7To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8I always find her happy 9He wonders if I still study English
10The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分: depend on the weather
2 People’s standards of living 5I’ll return the book 8There are many film 11 I won’t stop you from doing it
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25
主语是一个句子的主题,它的位置一般在一句之首,可用做主语的有单词,短语,从句乃至句子如:
The man (主语)grasped the boy(宾语) by the hand那男人抓住那个男孩的手.
Is would be nice to see her again 如果可以再见她一面,那将是一件令人开心的事.(句子做主语)
宾语是动作的承受者,一般置于及物动词之后,但有时为了强调,宾语也可以置于句首可以用作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,名词化的形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,介词短语,从句等,如:
He kicked the door他(主语)踢门(门是动作的承受者,是宾语)
Do you (宾语)really mean to go to swimming你真的要去游泳吗?
表语的功能是表述主语的特征,状态,身份等.它可以说是一种主语的补足语.它位于连系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构,在系表结构中,连系动词知识形式上谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则市表语,可用作表语的有名词,代词,数词,形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语,从句等,如:
It is a pity (表语)thatNancy cannot come to the party
令人遗憾的是兰西不能;来参加宴会了.
The new (主语)is(连系动词) ture(表语)那消息是真的.
及物动词(vt)后面通常跟宾语:What did(及物动词) you (宾语)say 你说什么?
I am translating a poem我在翻译一首诗.
不及物动词(vi)后面不跟宾语:
Who is calling谁在打电话?
I am looking for my key 我在找我的钥匙.
决大多数动词既可做及物动词有可作不及物动词,挚友少数动词通常只用作vi,如:appear,exist,happen,occur,vanish,ache,bleed,pause等,但在个别情况下也可跟宾语,如:weep bitter tears,cough blood ,die a
heroicdeath,sigh one's relief另外有少数动词通常只用作vt,如:have ,raise ,carry,catch,cover,
destroy,trust,use,surprise,accept,correct,discuss
,expect,thank,warm等,只偶作vi,如:She frightens
easily,come if like
复合句是由主句+从句构成,它是英语中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说,英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语,如果出现两个谓语动词,那么其中一个谓语动词只能以从句的形式或并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子,由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多,但根据其性质和作用可以分为:名词性从句,形容词性从句(即定语从句),副词性从句(即状语从句)三大类。
一、名词性从句:即从句在整个句中起名词作用,分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,所以这类从句包括主语从句考点一:主语从句:主要考查主语从句的引导词;主句的谓语动词,一般用单数。如:
1 That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody
( = It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun )
2 Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss (此时不能用if )
3 Who will come to the dinner remains a question
4 What you have said is convincing
5 How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries
6 Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem
同时,需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如:
考点二:宾语从句:主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如:
1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck
2 We can learn what we do not know from TV programs
3 Tell me which of the books is the right one
考点三:表语从句:be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。
1The assumption is that things will improve
2 China is not what it used to be
3 The doctor’s dilemma is whether he should tell a lie to the patient
并列句 由连接词或 " ; "把两个以上(含两个)的简单句连在一起的句子叫做并列句。在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整,不受其他简单句的影响。
These flowers are white and those flowers are red。
这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。
I am a worker but my brother is a professor、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
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