现在分词(present participle)(又称为动词-ing形式,现在进行式) ,是分词的一种。现在分词主要包含四种形式:
1、一般式:doing;
2、一般被动式:being done;
3、完成式:having done;
4、完成被动式:having been done。
所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not ,包括独立主格形式。
构成形式如下:
1、一般情况在词尾直接加-ing,eg do→doing sing→singing study--studying
2、 以不发音的字母e、ue结尾的动词去e,再加-ing,eg dance→dancing like→liking write→writing
3、 以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,最后一个字母不是x的动词双写最后一
个字母,再加ing,eg run→running cut→cutting swim→swimming
4、 以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y,再加-ing,eg die→dying lie→lying
5 、以c结尾的动词变c为ck,再加-ing,eg picnic→picnicking traffic→trafficking
6、 以l结尾的动词,如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾,则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写,eg travel→travelling/traveling(US)
7 、部分以-p结尾的动词同样遵循第6条,这类词多由“前缀+名词”构成。如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾,则末尾的字母p双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。eg worship→worshipping/worshiping(US) handicap→handicapping/handicaping(US)
现在分词的功能:
现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能单独充当其它的一些成分(定语、表语、补语、 状语),并且它们具有动词的性质,所以又是类动词的一种。 现在分词在英语这一科目中,也是比较重要的一部分,具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语、定语、状语、补足语,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种
1 现在进行时,结构: be+doing
例如:He is reading
2非谓语动词形式当中,现在分词表示主动。
例如: The girl standing there is my sister
3在非谓语动词形式中,现在分词可以做的除了谓语之外的其他成分。
例如:
作主语: leaving you is the most difficult choose I have to make
作宾语: He went on doing homework after eating lunch
作宾补: I found the book Interesting
作定语: The girl standing there is my sister
作状语: Working harder, you will be success
作表语:The book is interesting
现在主要是用来修饰正在进行的动作,说明被修饰名词的特征。
现在分词作定语的时候,主要具有主动和正在进行的含义,既可放在修饰词的前面,也可放在修饰词的后面。 现在分词作定语 比如:the sleeping baby is my sister(这个正在睡觉的婴儿是我的妹妹)。
在英语中,现在分词可以作定语、状语等句子成分。当现在分词在句子中作定语的时候,主要有两层含义:用来表示正在进行的动作或者状态;用来表示主动的含义。下面我们来看一下现在分词在句子中定语时的具体使用方法。
一、当现在分词本身单独在句子中作定语的时候,一般情况下要放在被修饰词的前面。 比如:The sleeping baby is my sister 这个正在睡觉的婴儿是我的妹妹。 The runing man in the park is my father 在公园里跑步的男人是我的爸爸。 The writing boy in the black is my bother 在黑板上写东西的男孩是我的哥哥。
二、当现在分词短语作定语的时候,一般要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于定语从句。 比如 :You should tell the children playing in roadside in very dangerous 你应该告诉在路边玩耍的孩子,这是非常危险的。 He talks to me doing my homework in my room 他和我谈话的时候,我正在我的房间里做作业。
三、有时候,现在分词可以和副词、名词组成复合词在句子中作定语。 比如:he is come form an English-speaking country 她来自于一个说英语的国家。 My mother is come form a chinese-speaking country 我母亲来自与一个说中文的国家。
在英语中,除了动词的现在分词可以在句子中作定语以外,过去分词也可以在句子中作定语。但两者的含义却不相同。现在分词主要用来表示主动的和现在进行的动作;过去分词是用来表示被动的和已经完成、发生的动作。
想表示种持续一段时间,在某个时间点正在进行的动作,就可以用现在分词了。
动词加上ing,就是动词的现在分词形式了。
现在分词在句子里面能当定语,表语,补语,状语。
定语 He saw a flying bird。
表语 The film is moving
补语 I can see the boy drawing pictures
状语 Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind
问题一:英语中现在分词的用法 (一)作定语
1 动词现在分词单独作定语,通常放在所修饰词前。例如:
The sleeping boy is Tom
2 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面,意思同定语从句差不多。例如 :
Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise
3 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语,常用逗号分开。例如:
Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill
4 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如:
This is an English-speaking country
(二)作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如:
The story is moving
(三)现在分词在句中作宾语补足语,这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如:
We all found his equipment interesting (主表关系)
I saw Mary going upstairs then (主谓关系)
(四)作状语
现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,如果不是,需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。
1 作原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。例如:
Being ill, Mary didn't e to school yesterday
2 作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句。例如:
Seeing their teacher ing, the students stopped talking
如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如:
While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon
3 作条件状语。
V-ing 形式作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:
Working harder, you'll be No 1 in your class
4 作让步状语,相当于让步状语从句。例如:
Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone
5 作结果状语。例如:
He died, leaving nothing but debts
6 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如:
He sat by the roadside, begging
(五) 现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如 :
Having finished his homework, he left the classroom
(六) 现在分词的被动式
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,用V-ing 形式的被动式>>
问题二:英语上现在分词是什么啊,和用法是怎么用的 现在分词的基本用法: 现在分词表示主动的意义;表示一般性的或正在进行的动作;在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分, 1)作表语 现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征例如: This story is quite interesting. The journey without you will be boring. 2)作定语 现在分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义例如: The man following was obviously in a hurry.(现在分词单独作定语) They acted just like a conquering army.(现在分词单独作定语) Do you know the man standing over there by the door (分词短语作限定性定语) Last night,we caught a thief stealing John’s bike.(分词短语作限定性定语) The name Nebraske es from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”,meaning flat water.(分词短语作非限定性定语) 3)作宾语补足语 a.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe, ell,see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语例如: I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting. I can ell turkey roasting,and it's making me hungry. b.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,get,have,keep,leave,set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语例如: What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside. Please don't keep the machine running while you are away. 4)作状语 现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一例如: Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.(作时间状语) = When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car. Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam (作条件状语) = If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam. She sat at a window,reading a book.(作伴随状语) =She sat at a window and read a book. Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars.>>
问题三:现在分词有几种用法,分别是什么成分 现在分词的句法功能
(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
egIn the following years he worked even harder
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher
(2)现在分词作表语:
egThe film being shown in the cinema is exciting
正在这家上演的**很棒。
The present situation is inspiring
当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
(3)作宾语补足语
以下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。
egCan you hear her singing the song in the next room
你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate
他让小汽车在门口等着。
(4)现在分词作状语
①作时间状语
eg(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语
egBeing a League member, he is always helping others
由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随
egHe stayed at home, cleaning and washing
他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语
eg(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
egHe dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces
他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作让步状语
egThough raining heavily, it cleared up very soon
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。>>
1) 构成谓语用于表示进行时态
Listen! She is singing an English song 听!她正在唱英语歌。
What were you talking just now 你们刚才在谈论什么?
I have been writing a book recently 我最近一直在写一本书。
They will be meeting us at the station 他们会在车站上接我们的。
2) 构成不定式的进行形式
They are said to be building another bridge across the street 据说他们正在街道对面修建另一座桥。
They seemed to be talking about something important 他们好像正在谈论一些很重要的事情。
When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world 当我到达他家时,他刚好环游世界去了。
3) 作表语
现在分词作表语时, 其动作意味很弱, 在功能上更接近形容词。不少词已经演化为正式的形容词。
What he said was very encouraging 他的话很鼓舞人心。
The flowers look charming after the rain 雨后的鲜花看上去很漂亮。
It was amazing that the boy was able to solve the problem so quickly 那男孩能这么快解决这个问题真是令人惊奇。
It is frightening for her to think of that ghost story 她想到那个鬼故事就毛骨悚然。
4) 作定语
a) 作前置定语
He is a promising young man 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
This is a pressing question 这是一个紧迫的问题。
There was an embarrassing silence after his joke 他讲完笑话之后,是一阵令人尴尬的沉默。
The story had a satisfying ending 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。
Can you stop the running horse 你可以阻止那辆正在奔跑的马吗?
The sleeping boy is Tom 正在睡觉的男孩叫汤姆。
b) 作后置定语, 位于所修饰的名词之后。
A little child learning to walk often falls 学走路的小孩经常跌倒。
Did you know the girl dancing with your brother 你认识和你哥哥跳舞的那个女孩子吗?
Who is the woman being operated on 正在动手术的女人是谁
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job 三天后我收到了提供我这份工作的信。
The freeway being built now will lead to Xigang Seaport 正在建设的高速公路将直通新港码头。
They lived in a room facing the east 他们住在一间朝东的房间里。
c) 现在分词作定语时与动名词构成的合成词的区别:
现在分词表示所修饰的名词的动作,而动名词表示用途,目的等。
现在分词:
a flying bird 飞行的鸟
a swimming boy 正在游泳的男孩
a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
动名词:
waiting room 候车室
a swimming suit 泳衣
a sleeping bag 睡袋
5) 构成复合宾语 (即作宾语补足语)
a) 动词 + 名(代)词 + 现在分词
When we arrived, we found him sleeping 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
He left me waiting here 他留下我等在这。
Don't have the students studying all day 不要让学生整天都在学习。
When he awoke,he found himself being looked after by an old woman 他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。
Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes 很快他们会看见蒸汽从湿衣服上升起。
I imagined myself performing before a clapping audience 我想象自己在鼓掌的观众面前表演节目。
Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你听到有人正在敲门吗?
动词有时以被动形式出现。
The missing boy was last seen playing near the river 那个失踪的男孩最终被人们发现正在河边玩耍。
A cook will be fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen 厨师如果被发现在厨房抽烟将会被开除。
b) 介词 + 名(代)词 + 现在分词 高中以上
She fell asleep with the light burning 她睡着了,灯开着。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window 没人注意,他从窗户溜出去了。
With the boy leading the way, we quickly found the house 有男孩带路,我们很快找到那所房间。
The English class ended with all students singing an English song 英语课以全体学生合唱一首英语歌而结束。
6) 作状语
a) 作状语表目的或伴随动作
The six blind men stood there begging for a meal 六个瞎子站在那儿要饭。
A search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure 一个探寻小队进入山洞里,希望可以找到埋藏的宝藏。
What are you busy doing these days 你这些天都在忙些什么?
Over 20,000 people were there watching the football match 有两万多人在那里看足球赛。
b) 置于句前或句后,与句子常有逗号隔开,表示伴随的动作。
He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper他坐在扶手椅里读报。
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily 那些孩子们跑出房间,愉快地笑着、说着。
"Can't you read" Mary said angrily, pointing to the notice “你不识字吗?”玛丽指着告示,很生气地说。
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word 我站在门边,一句话都不敢说。
Following the guide, they started to climb 跟随者导游,他们开始了攀爬。
Coming into the room, I saw a girl crying 走进房间,我看到一个女孩正在哭泣。
c) 作句子状语,说明说话人的看法。
Generally speaking, the most important news is on the front page 一般而言,最重要的新闻都放在头版。
Taking everything into account, his decision is not so bad 把一切考虑在内,他的决定也不算坏。
Talking of the football math, do you know which side won 谈到足球赛,你知道那一边赢了吗?
Considering the bad weather, the sports meeting was delayed 考虑到坏天气的影响,运动会推迟了。
d) 表原因
Being so poor at that time, we couldn't afford to buy a TV set 那时我们非常穷,没有钱买电视。
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note 发现没人在家,他决定留个字条。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didn't fully explain the seriousness of her condition 医生为了不使她紧张,没有完全向她讲明病情的严重性。
e) 表示一个动作一发生,另一个动作随即发生。
He went out shutting the door behind him 他走出去,关上了门。
Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once 一听到教师的声音,学生们立即停止讲话。
f) 与连词 when 或 while 连用。
Don't be careless when having an exam 考试时不要粗心。
When hearing the news, they all danced for joy 当听到这个消息的时候,他们都高兴得手舞足蹈。
While watching TV in the room, we heard someone knocking at the door 我们在看电视的时候听到有人在敲门。
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building 在那里等待的时候,他看见两个漂亮的女孩子从楼里走出来。
g) 表示在做某事过程中, 发生某事或做某事。
Walking in the street, I saw him当我在街上走时,我看到他了。
Wandering through the street,he caught sight of a tailor's shop.逛街时,他看到一家裁缝铺。
h) 表示结果
Her husband died ten years ago,leaving her with three children to look after 她丈夫十年前去世了,撇下她和三个孩子。
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay 他们的车遇上交通阻塞,因而耽误了。
European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world 欧式足球在80个国家开展,使得欧式足球成为世界上最受欢迎的体育运动。
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