划分句子成分就是用各种方法标出基本成分(主语、谓语、宾语)和次要成分(状语、补语、定语)。
1、主语
多表示人或事物,是句子里被陈述的对象,在句首能回答“谁”或者“什么”等问题。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
主语(偏正短语)谓语。
2、谓语
是用来陈述主语的,能回答主语“怎么样”或“是什么”等问题。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。动词性词语经常做谓语。
主语谓语(状语+动词+补语)。
3、宾语
往往表示动作支配的对象,并且总是处在动词的后头。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
层次分析法:
1他 迅速地从球场东头跑到西头。 第一层次:主谓
2迅速地 从球场东头跑到西头 第二层次:状中
3从球场东头 跑到西头 第三层次:状中
4从 球场东头 跑 到西头 第四层次:介宾 中补
成分分析:
1他 || [迅速地] [从球场东头] 跑。
主 状 状 谓 补
扩展资料:
句法成分分析:从句法结构的关系意义出发,对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法,即用各种方法标出基本成分(主语、谓语、宾语)和次要成分(状语、补语)。句子有七个成分,分别为主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语、同位语。 主语是一个句子的发生动作的主体,谓语一般是动词充当,宾语是表示动作发生的对象。例如,我吃饭"中,"我"是主语,"吃"是谓语,"饭"是宾语。定语是一般是形容词充当 修饰主语和宾语,状语是表时间、地点、状态、方位等等的限制补充的成分,补语是补充说明宾语。
层次分析法是用框图表示构成句子的词语之间的结构层次和结构关系的分析方法,起特点是能很好地表现句子的结构层次,但缺点也很明显,就死一个句子的分析,表达出来要较大的篇幅
生活中的层次分析法是将与决策总是有关的元素分解成目标、准则、方案等层次,在此基础之上进行定性和定量分析的决策方法。该方法是美国运筹学家匹茨堡大学教授萨蒂于20世纪70年代初,在为美国国防部研究"根据各个工业部门对国家福利的贡献大小而进行电力分配"课题时,应用网络系统理论和多目标综合评价方法,提出的一种层次权重决策分析方法。层次分析法的特点是在对复杂的决策问题的本质、影响因素及其内在关系等进行深入分析的基础上,利用较少的定量信息使决策的思维过程数学化,从而为多目标、多准则或无结构特性的复杂决策问题提供简便的决策方法。尤其适合于对决策结果难于直接准确计量的场合。层次分析法是将决策问题按总目标、各层子目标、评价准则直至具体的备投方案的顺序分解为不同的层次结构,然后得用求解判断矩阵特征向量的办法,求得每一层次的各元素对上一层次某元素的优先权重,最后再加权和的方法递阶归并各备择方案对总目标的最终权重,此最终权重最大者即为最优方案。这里所谓“优先权重”是一种相对的量度,它表明各备择方案在某一特点的评价准则或子目标,标下优越程度的相对量度,以及各子目标对上一层目标而言重要程度的相对量度。层次分析法比较适合于具有分层交错评价指标的目标系统,而且目标值又难于定量描述的决策问题。其用法是构造判断矩阵,求出其最大特征值。及其所对应的特征向量W,归一化后,即为某一层次指标对于上一层次某相关指标的相对重要性权值。"
英语语法之句子的成分
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义:
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分,语法复习一:句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(名词)
We often speak English in class(代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls(数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health(动名词)
The rich should help the poor(名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided(主语从句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)谓语:
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks He has caught a bad cold (2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students
(四)表语:
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an American(名词)
Is it yours(代词)
The weather has turned cold(形容词)
The speech is exciting(分词)
Three times seven is twenty one(数词)
His job is to teach English(不定式)
His hobby(爱好)is playing football(动名词)
The machine must be out of order(介词短语)
Time is up The class is over(副词)
The truth is that he has never been abroad(表语从句)
(五)宾语:
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday(名词)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time(代词)
How many dictionaries do you have I have five(数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday(名词化形容词)
He pretended not to see me(不定式短语)
I enjoy listening to popular music(动名词短语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office(宾语从句)
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected him their monitor
(六)宾语补足语:
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的'意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
His father named him Dongming(名词)
They painted their boat white(形容词)
Let the fresh air in(副词)
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you(不定式短语)
We saw her entering the room(现在分词)
We found everything in the lab in good order(介词短语)
We will soon make our city what your city is now(从句)
(七)定语:
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:
Guilin is a beautiful city(形容词)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country(分词)
There are thirty women teachers is our school(名词)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised(代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom(不定式短语)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out(动名词)
He is reading an article about how to learn English(介词短语)
(八)状语:
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:
Light travels most quickly(副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years(介词短语)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination(不定式短语)
He is in the room making a model plane(分词短语)
Wait a minute(名词)
Once you begin, you must continue(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
How about meeting again at six(时间状语)
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain(原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn't rain(条件状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor(地点状语)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care(方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand(伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately(结果状语)
She works very hard though she is old(让步状语)
I am taller than he is(比较状语)
练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1 The students got on the school bus
2 He handed me the newspaper
3 I shall answer your question after class
4 What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5 They went hunting together early in the morning
6 His job is to train swimmers
7 He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing
8 There is going to be an American film tonight
9 He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow
10 His wish is to become a scientist
11 He managed to finish the work in time
12 Tom came to ask me for advice
13 He found it important to master English
14 Do you have anything else to say
15 To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good
16 Would you please tell me your address
17 He sat there, reading a newspaper
18 It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy
19 He noticed a man enter the room
20 The apples tasted sweet
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(-)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):
I hope you are very well I'm fine, but tired Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm August is the hottest month here It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat We have a lot of machines on the farm Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him But he employs more men for the harvest My brother takes care of the vegetable garden It doesn't often rain in the summer here As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden Every evening we pump water from a well It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden
;不知道你是要的英语还是语文的,我只知到英语的
英语——————————————————————
Grammar of Unit 1
Different parts of a sentence
概念
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。
▲句子成分分类
1.主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如:
讲述“谁”
We work in a big factory
讲述“什么”
The classroom is very big
数词作主语
Three are enough 三个人就够了
不定式作主语
To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job
从句作主语
What we need is food 我们最需要的是食物
在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:
There are some bottles of milk in the box
▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语。如:
It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”
It took two workers about three months to build the house
2.谓语
谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如:
He is very generous
She looks very smart and cool
We have finished the job
He can speak German
3.表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。
形容词作表语
You look younger than before
名词作表语
My father is a teacher
副词作表语
Everyone is here
介词短语作表语
They are at the theatre
不定式作表语
My job is to teach them English
动名词作表语
Her job is training the nurses
从句作表语
That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday
4.宾语
▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。如:
名词作宾语
He never forgives others for their mistakes
代词做宾语
He often helps me
不定式作宾语
He likes to sleep in the open air
动名词作宾语
The Americans enjoyed living in China
从句做宾语
I believe that they can finish the work in time
▲直接宾语和间接宾语
及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如:
We brought them some food
主 谓 间宾 直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。
5.宾语的补足语
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语如:
名词作宾补
If you let me go, I’ll make you king
形容词作宾补
Don’t make your hands dirty
副词作宾补
We found Li Ming out when we arrived
介词短语作宾补
Make yourself at home
省略to的不定式作宾补
I saw a girl go into the building
带to的不定式作宾补
The boy ordered the dog to lie down
现在分词作宾补
The boss kept them working all day
过去分词作宾补
Yesterday he got his leg broken
在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:
▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call him Jack
They made Li Lei their monitor
▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如:
Do you think his idea wrong
We must keep our classroom clean
We can’t leave him alone
Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday
▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如:
Let him in/ out
Mr Li drove us home
When got there, we found him out
▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。如:
We found everything in good order
We regard him as our good friend
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain
▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种:
A 要求带to的不定式
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim
B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等
The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day
I often hear him read English in his room
C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to
She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework
▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系。
I saw them playing on the playground
I heard Mary singing in the classroom
▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成。
I had my bike stolen
The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood
▲ 形式宾语+形容词
We found it impossible to get there before Saturday
▲宾语+what 从句
Call me what you like
Mr Li has made the factory what it is today
The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago
6.定语
▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如:
形容词作定语
The black bike is mine
代词作定语
What’s your name
名词作定语
They made some paper flowers
介词短语作定语
The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One
不定式作短语
I have lots to eat and drink
从句作定语
The tall boy who is standing there is Peter
▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”。
▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如:
We’ll go to have something English
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else
Do you have anything important to tell me
▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如:
Do you know the boy behind the treeThe students in the room are all my friends
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right
▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置
What about something to drink
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring
注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。
Do you have any piece of music to listen to
▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如:
We are at the top of the hill Can you see the village below
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now
They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once
7.状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如:
He did it carefully
They missed me very much
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard
When I was young, I could swim well
先了解基本句子成分,再注意那些形式可以充当这些句子成分。然后就是练习划分句子成分。
英语句子成分分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
英语句子成分
通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:
(定语) 主语 (状语) 谓语 (定语) 宾语 (状语)
如:(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo
(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday
英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)
英语句子成分歌:
英语句子八大块, 主谓宾表真实在;
补语跟着宾语表语跑, 定语同位(语)专把名词踹。
状语的位置自由自在, 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
I.八大成分的概念和构成
一、主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,一般放于句首。
充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)
形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
1)If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。
二、谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面
谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)
I have a dream
You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want
所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。
三、宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。放在及物动词或者介词之后
You don’t find opportunities…you make them
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on
如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式
形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
四、表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)
构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句
Time is money
Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do
你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。
五、.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句
主语补语
Tom was made monitor
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor
表语补语
I am sure to succeed
六、定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面
7 This is beautiful music
There are only two kinds of music…good and bad
自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。
构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句
七、同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。
Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句
八、状语:状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前,修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。
1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。
Can you feel the love tonight
Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it
只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。
2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。
First comes spring, then summer
I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it
3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is not very good
II.成分关系
1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely(宾补)
We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves(主补)
爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。
2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:
定语,同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best teacher(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)
They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)
3.谓语动词由状语修饰
When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either
你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。
1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。
如:The painter painted a very nice picture (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe (耳听为虚眼见为实) / Helping animals is to help people (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。
如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health(=It is bad for your health eating too much) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语:
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:
He travelled in space for the first time(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out (该采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson(你最好复习这一课。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once(他们应该去过那儿。)
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
④have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s(意思同上)
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it ----Yes, it is(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)
3、宾语:
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see (他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with (他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter (他用什么写的信?)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoes away (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help (他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for如: Please make me a kite (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it(谁呀?)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I (It’s me)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so(并非只有我才这样想的。)
(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍和材料,作用类别靠后靠。
冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途
被修饰的名词(中心词)
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;从句作状语
(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语:
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim, please (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来!)/ Please put it away (请把它收起来。)
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