1 主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east (名词) He likes dancing (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history (数词) Seeing is believing (动名词)
To see is to believe(不定式) What he needs is a book(主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree
(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom
② There is an old man coming here
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult
2 谓语(predicate):是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。
We study English He is asleep
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall A don't B like C picture D wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes A get B longer C days D summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus A Do B usually C go D bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon
A will be B meeting C the library D afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast A Did B twins C have D breakfast
3 表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher (名词) Seventy-four! You don’t look it (代词)
Five and five is ten (数词) He is asleep (形容词)
His father is in(副词) The picture is on the wall (介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost (形容词化的分词)
The question is whether they will come (表语从句)
(常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉)……
It sounds a good idea The sound sounds strange
Her voice sounds sweet Tom looks thin
The food smells delicious The food tastes good
The door remains open Now I feel tired
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired ② Why is he worried about Jim
③ The leaves have turned yellow ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject
⑤ She was the first to learn about it
4 宾语:1)动宾表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:
I like China (名词) He hates you (代词)
How many do you need We need two (数词)I enjoy working with you (动名词)
I hope to see you again (不定式) Did you write down what he said (宾语从句)
2) 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake Under the snow, there are many rocks
3) 双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday Give the poor man some money
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework
② People all over the world speak English
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation
④ How many new words did you learn last class
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you
5 宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor (名词) We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here (名词)
We will make them happy (形容词) We found nobody in ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home (介词短语) Don’t let him do that (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson (带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning (现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired (过去分词)
(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room
② He asked her to take the boy out of school
③ She found it difficult to do the work
④ They call me Lily sometimes
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
6 定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher(名词) He is our friend (代词)
We belong to the third world(数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2 (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well(不定式) You should do everything that I do (定语从句)
(六) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name
② What is your given name
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep
7 状语:用来修饰v, adj, adv, or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)
I will go there tomorrow The meeting will be held in the meeting room
The meat went bad because of the hot weather He studies hard to learn English well
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam I like some of you very much
If you study hard, you will pass the exam He goes to school by bike
Though he is young, he can do it well
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story
② My father bought a new bike for me last week
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term
④ Here is a pen Give it to Tom
⑤ Did he leave any message for me
参 考 答 案
(一) ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二) ① B ② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C
(三) ① tired ② worried ③ yellow ④ interested ⑤ first
(四) ① his homework ② English ③ your pronunciation ④ new words ⑤ to go swimming
(五) ① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school
③ Lily ④ get on the bus ⑤ playing football on the playground
(六) ① family ② given ③ third ④ some ⑤ downstairs
(七) ① on the face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ fast ⑤ off
(八) ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语
③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语
⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
句子成分 有几种:
1) 主谓宾 I wash my clothes
2) 主谓 The rain has stopped
3) 主系表 I am a student
掌握英语 句子 结构,才能更准确的理解英语句子的意思并正确写出,也有利于提高中学生的 英语阅读 能力和写作水平。下面是我带来的初中英语句子成分,欢迎阅读!
初中英语句子成分精选
初中英语句子成分分析与讲解
英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分,才能正确分析、理解句子的含义,并能准确地遣词 造句 ,逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。
请同学们认真阅读下面的问答,我相信它一定会对同学们起到抛砖引玉的作用。
问什么是句子成分英语句子包含哪些成分
答组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
问各成分在句中的作用如何分别由哪些词及 短语 充当
答
1主语:是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如:
The car is running fast(名词)
We are students(代词)
One of my classmates is from Shanghai(数词)
It's bad manners to spit in public(不定式)
Eating too much is bad for your health(动名词)
注意若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
2谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如:
He works in a factory(实义动词)
I felt cold(系动词+表语)
How can I get to the station(情态动词+实义动词)
Do you speak English(助动词+实义动词)
They are working in a field(助动词+实义动词)
注意谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如: He is doing his homework(名词)
They did nothing this morning(代词)
She wants to go home(不定式)
We enjoy playing football(动名词)
注意①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass, tell,leave等。如:
He bought me a book
Pass me the ball,will you(间宾+直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如:
Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai(直宾+间宾)
Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom(直宾+间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish, hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。如:
I hope to see you again
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep(on)等。如:
Do you mind my opening the window
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”,forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如: Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow(还没来)
I forgot returning the book to him(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下
原来的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如:
I stopped to talk with him(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)
4定语:用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如: What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)
She is a chemistry teacher(名词)
There are two students in the classroom(数词)
We have something to do tomorrow(不定式)
The man in blue is my brother(介词短语)
注意定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语,则放在后面。
5状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。如:
Thank you very much(副词)
I get up at five in the morning(介词短语)
He is studying hard so as to catch up with others(不定式短语)
We were having breakfast when the telephone rang(从句)
注意enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如:
He is old enough to go to school
6表语:用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有:be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become, smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。如:
They are workers(名词)
Two and three is five(数词)
The story is very interesting(形容词)
M y job(工作)is teaching English(动名词)
She is at home(介词短语)
I feel terrible(形容词)
The dish tastes delicious(形容词)
7宾语补足语:用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach, ask,see,have,order,make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如:
We elected him monitor(名词)
I found it difficult to learn English well(形容词)
The doctor told me to do more exercise(不定式短语)
He is going to have his hair cut(过去分词)
They saw a bird flying in the sky(现在分词)
初中英语句子成分学习
英语句子成分结构详解
一、英语语句基本结构分析:
(一)主谓宾结构:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America
He made a speech
Two and two is four
To be a teacher is my dream
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。谓语可以是不及物动词(vi)没
有宾语,形成主谓结构,
eg:We come
Many changes took place in my home town
注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)
3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
eg:I will do it tomorrow
The boy needs a pen
I like swimming
I like to swim this afternoon
(二)主系表结构:
1、主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。
2、谓语:联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变和感官动词如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。
3、表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。
(1)当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。
eg: He became a teacher at last
His face turned red
(2)感官动词多可用作联系动词
eg: He looks well他面色好。
It sounds nice这个听起来不错。
I feel good我感觉好。
The egg smells bad这个鸡蛋难闻。
例:Tom is a boy(Tom是个男孩)主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy
(三)There be 结构:
There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
试比较:There is a boy there(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。
二、定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
(一)形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
(二)数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
(三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom's pen他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
There are two boys of Toms there那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
(四)介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
(五)名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(六)分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
(七) 定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs a pen那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。
三、状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时’in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl'
(一)副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy needs a pen now/Now,the boy needs a pen/The boy,now,needs a pen/男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)
(二)介词短语作状语:
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语) Before his mother,Tom is always a boy在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom星期天,教室里没有学生(时间状语)
(三)分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)
(四)不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)
(五)名词作状语:
Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)
(六)状语从句:
时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句
四、直接宾语和间接宾语:
(一)特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc
(二)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
eg:Give me a cup of tea,please
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。eg:Show this house to MrSmithMr
五、宾语补足语
位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
(一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier战争使他成为一名战士
(二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy新 方法 使这项工作变得轻松
(三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work我经常发现他在工作
(四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows老师让学生们关上窗户
(五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road我看见一只猫跑过了马路
六、同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如: We students should study hard (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
七、独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end/我相信,这个 故事 还远没结束
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
八、分词独立结构
分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结
构。
例:错句:Studying hard,your score will go up
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up
解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数) 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了)
分词独立结构常省略being,having been不过‘There being’的场合不能省略
如:
Game (being) over,he went home
He stands there,book (being) in hand
独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如:
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon无事可做,他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)
主语一般由名词、代词或相当与名词的词或短语短语等充当,表示句子所说的“什么人”或“什么事物"
谓语(谓语部分里的主要的词)用动词、谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致,表示主语“是什么”或怎么样。
表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和系动词一起构成谓语,表示主语“是什么”或怎么样
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
定语:用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,
定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个
词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,
条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,
短语以及从句来担任。
补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。
补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系,是补充说明动词或形容词性中心语的,可以回答“怎么样”、“多少次”、“何处”、“何时”、“什么结果”等问题。补语都放在中心语后头,除了趋向动词、数量词、介宾结构和一部分形容词可以直接作补语外。补语多用形容词、数量词、趋向动词、介宾结构来担任,各种关系的词组也常作补语。
口诀:
主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。
定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。
状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。
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