在学习定语从句时,分析从句中的成分是非常重要的。关系代词that ,which ,who 和whom在定语从句作主语,宾语或表语,也就是说,如果在定语从句中,缺少这些成分的话,就用这些词。关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语。关系副词where ,whenh和why在定语从句中充当状语。我们知道,定语从句的结构是(先行词)+关系词+定语从句。关系词的选择主要看定语从句中缺少了什么成分。
如:This is the factory ______his father worked ten years ago在his father worked ten years ago部分,work是一个不及物动词,明显缺少了地点状语,只能用关系副词where。
再如:The boy _____ name is Tom didn't come to school yesterday在_____ name is Tom中,缺少了name的定语,所以用关系代词whose。又如:This is the man ______took my pen yesterday 在______took my pen yesterday中,明显缺少了主语,所以用who或that
问题一:定语从句如何确定先行词在从句中做什么成分 那么先了解先行词含义:先行词是定语从句的引导词前面的被定语从句所修饰的名词或者代词。在定语从句中充当一定的成分。 因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后, 先行词总是出现在定语从句之前顾名思义叫做先行词。
定语从句先行词在句子中做什么句子成分呢?那需要看该词是主语还是宾语或是表语。例句:
This is the book which I am looking for中的book是先行词,which是引导词 book是表语
He is Mr Robertson who es from England 中的Mr Robertson是先行词,who是引导词 Mr Robertson 是表语。
Don't forget the book that I told you to bring(the book为先行词,that是引导词。)book 是宾语
问题二:引导定语从句的先行词一定在句子中充当成分吗 你是说引导词吧,先行词是被修饰的那个。
比如that ,作为关系代词 在定语从句 必须作句子成分
但有时 that 可以代替 关系副词 引导 定语从句 这时 that就不 充当代词作用了
如
i don't like the way that you speak
i 'll never forget the day that i went to collegethat=when
定语从句
定语从句就是修饰名词的从句,被修饰的名词称为先行词(Antecedent)。定语从句由关系代词(Relative Pronoun)和关系副词(Relative Adverb)引导,前者在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,后者在从句中作状语。
1.关系代词的选择
先行词为事物时,关系代词用which或that;先行词指一个模糊的、一般的人时,who和that都适宜。如:
I need someone who can do the work quickly.
我需要能够迅速完成这项工作的人。
当先行词指一个具体的、特定的人时,多用who。如:
The aunt who came to see us last week is my father’s sister.
上星期来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的姐姐。
先行词指物,前面又有一个不定代词、最高级形容词或序数词修饰时,关系代词多用that。如:
He has got all the tools that we need.他有我们需要的所有工具。
This is the funnest film that has come from the studio.
这是那个制片厂制作的最滑稽的**。
The first statement that was issued gave very few details.
最先发布的声明没有公布什么细节。
先行词本身为不定代词时,关系代词多用that。如:
The government has promised to do all that lies in its power to alleviate the hardships of the people.
政府承诺尽其一切力量减轻人民的苦难。
关系代词在从句中作表语时,只能用that或which,不能用who或whom,但可以省略。如:
John is not the man (that/which) he was years ago.
约翰已不再是多年前的他了。
当先行词和定语从句被其他句子成分隔开时,用who或which较为恰当,用that容易造成句子结构不清楚。如:
A war broke out which lasted for forty years.
一场延续了四十年的战争爆发了。
Anybody can explain this who knows English grammar.
任何懂得英语语法的人都能解释这一点。
先行词为集合名词时,如果该词指一个整体,则关系代词用which;如果指组成整体的所有成员,则关系代词用who。如:
Our team, who are all in good form, will do well in the coming matches.
我们组织良好的队伍在未来赛事中一定会表现出色。
Our team, which placed second last year, played even better this year.
去年排名第二的我们队今年打得更为出色。
2.介词十关系代词
有时关系代词之前要用介词。“介词+关系代词”在从句中作状语。如:
The world is stage, on which every role will find a player.—Middleton
世界是个舞台,各种角色都是人扮演。(英)米德尔顿
This is a question in which people are interested.这是人们感兴趣的问题。
A bottle opener is a tool with which bottles are opened.
开瓶器是用来打开瓶盖的工具。
当介词+关系代词作地点状语、时间状语时,它们常常可以被where,when或why代替。如:
The malls of the future will be small cities where/in which you can shop.
eat, and see a film and even dance.
未来的购物街会像一个个小商城,你可以在那里购物、就餐、看**甚至跳舞。
He was born on the day/when his father died.他在父亲去世的那一天出生。
This is another reason which/why food gram has to be imported.
这是必须进口谷物的另一原因。
重点提示
对于定语从句,基于意义上的需要,可以在some, any, few, several, many, most, all, both, noce, neither, either, each, enough, half, one, two等词和形容语最高级之后接of whom或of which。如:
The North Island is famous for an area of an anrea of hot springs.some of which throw hot water hight into the air.
北岛是著名的温泉胜地,有些温泉的热水能高高地喷向半空。
New Zealand has a population of about 38 million people, of which about fourteen percent are Maori.
新西兰大约有380万人口,其中大约14%是毛利人。
The tomatoes, half of which have gone bad, are in a basket.
放在篮子里西红柿有一半已经烂掉了。
The car ran into a crowd of people, several of whom were sent to hospital immediate.汽车撞进了人群,其中好几个人立即被送望医院。
I met the table tennis players, two of whom were studying in university.
我见到了那些乒乓球选手,其中有两人正在大学就读。
3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause)表示一种区别意义,它帮助读者或听者把先行词所指的人或物与其他的人或物区别开来。没有它,先行词所指的人或物就会模糊不清。非限定性定语从句(Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause)表示一种附加意义,它对先行词作附带说明。省了它,先行词所指的人或物仍然明确清楚。如:
My uncle is a man who believes in discipline.我叔叔是个十分守纪的人。
My uncle, who believes in discipline, is very strict with his children.
我那十分守纪的叔叔对他的孩子们很严格。
Beijing, which is the capital of China, will hold 2008 Olympic Games.
北京是中国的首都,将主办2008年奥林匹克运动会。
Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is comfortable and clean.
动植物必须拥有一个栖息地或家园,而这个栖息地应舒适、清洁。
重点提示
修饰整个主句的定语从句为非限定性定语从句。这种定语从句由which或as引导。如果用which引导,定语从句位于主句之后;如果用as引导,定语从句可以位于主句之后,也可以位于主句之前。which或as指整个主句。如:
We can’t do without rules, which/as you know.
=As you know, we can’t do without rules.你知道的,没有规矩不行。
He failed the exam, which/as was natural.
=As was natural, he failed the exam.他没有考及格,这很自然。
All the schools will reopen on 1st September, which/as announced in today’s papers.
=As is announced in today’s newspapers, all the schools will reopen on lst September.正如报上的通告,所有学校都将在九月一日重新开学。
在这类定语从句中,关系代词as作主语时,其后面必须有动词be;否则只能用which引导的定语从句。如:
He admires Mr Brown very much, which surprises me.
他很崇拜布朗先生,这使我觉得很奇怪。
He arrived half an hour late, which annoyed us all.
他迟到了半小时,我们都生气了。
所有定语从句的试题都可分成两种基本题型,它们有各自的解题钥匙。
一、基本题型一及解题钥匙
基本题型一:先行词+关系词直接引导定语从句
解题钥匙:唯成份论
说明:用什么关系词直接引导定语从句,唯一取决于先行词在从句中的作用,即取决于先行词在从句中作什么成份,若先行词在从句中相当于代词作用,则应使关系代词who/whom/which/whose/as引导定语从句,而先行词在从句中相当于副词作用,则应使用关系副词when/where/why引导定语从句。
例1:Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ______, of course, made the others unhappy(NMET 2000)
A、who B、which C、this D、what
析:选B,先行词为整个主句,在从句中作主语,所以应使用关系代词,但that不能引导非限制性定语从句,所以只能使用which。
例2:After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as a a child(NMET 96)
A、which B、where C、that D、when
析:选B,因为先行词the small town表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,所以应使用关系副词where。
区别于:This is the small town ______ is often praised
A、which B、where C、when D、who
析:选A,先行词the small town仍表地点,但在从句中作主语应属关系代词范畴。
二、基本题型二及解题钥匙
基本题型二:先行词+特定词汇+关系代词which/whom引导定语从句。
说明:特定词词汇通常为:
1、介词(包括复杂介词)
2、数词(包括不定量数词)+of
3、其它词汇(表所属关系)+of
解题钥匙:定语从句与先行词联系论
说明:要找出用什么特定词汇引导定语从句,方法是将定语从句和先行词联系成一个完整的句子,此时缺什么词,特定词汇就由什么词担任。
例1:In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ______ she could turn for help(NMET 92)
A、that B、who C、from whom D、to whom
析:选D,根据定语从句与先行词联系论,可得到这样一个句子:She could turn ______ the single person for help,显然该句缺介词to,因此应用to whom(其先行词指入)引导定语从句。
例2:He paid the boy for washing ten windows, most of ______ hadn't been cleaned for at least a year(NMET 90)
A、these B、those C、that D、which
析:选D,因为根据定语从句与先行词联系论,可得到这样一个句子:most of the ten windows hadn't been cleaned for at least a year most of which正体现了不定量数词+of which引导定语从句的特点。
注意上述特定词汇前不能加and、but等连词,否则就不能使用定语从句,而应将whom、which改成them,如:
I have many friends and the tallest of ______ is LiPing
A、who B、whom C、them D、which
析:选C,因为特定词汇the tallest前面有连词and,所以不能使用定语从句。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。 181 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 182 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you
判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定语从句
1 that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2 which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4 who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5 where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6 when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks
I still remember the first time I met her
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc
7 whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1 which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3 有时as也可用作关系代词
4 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
定语从句公式:定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句
先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
关系词常有3个作用:
1、连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。
2、指代先行词。
3、在定语从句中担当成分。
关系代词that 、which 、who 和whom在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语,也就是说,如果在定语从句中,缺少这些成分的话,就用这些词。关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语。关系副词where、 when和why在定语从句中充当状语。
扩展资料
误区提醒
1、当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词。
2、当主语为物时,不能用who。
3、there be句型中,指人用who指物用that。
4、当主句中缺少主语或表语时,用the one。
5、当出现先行词+介词时,关系词只能用whom或which。
6、当出现先行词+介词时,注意判断介词与从句谓语是否有关系,以确定为定语从句,反之用关系代词。
-定语从句
定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫做定语从句
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词
关系词的作用:
1) 引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语) 常用的关系代词:that、 which、 who、whom、whose 在从句中作主语,宾语),常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):when、why、 where
The student who answered the question was John
句子中 who answered the question 是定语从句,修饰the student
I know the reason why he was so angry
why he was so angry 作the reason 的定语
The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother
you are talking to 作The boy的定语
I'd like a room whose window faces south
whose window faces south作room的'定语,room与 window是所属关系,因此用关系代词whose
能不能看懂呢
附:定语从句详解定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
定语从句关系词选择依据先行词在从句中的成分来决定。
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词 where when why 等。
关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词thatwhich,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。
例子:
1I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together
我永远不会忘记我们一起工作的日子。
2I will never forget the days which/that we spent together
我永远不会忘记我们一起工作的日子。
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